Articulations Flashcards
fibrous joint
structural classification; bones joined by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity is present; 3 types - sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
sutures
occur only between bones of the skull; the bone edges interlock and the junction is completely filled by a small amount of short CT fibers
syndesmoses
joint held together by a ligament; fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than sutures
gomphosis
"peg in socket" fibrous joint, periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
cartilaginous joints
structural classification; bones are united by cartilage, lack a joint cavity and are not very movable; two types - synchondroses, symphyses
synchondroses
bones connected by hyaline cartilage; epiphyseal plates in children
symphyses
articular surfaces of the bones are covered w/articular (hyaline) cartilage that is fused with fibrocartilage plate (main connecting material, absorbs shock and permits limited amount of movement)
synovial joints
bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid; 6 types - plane, hinge, pivot, condyle, saddle, ball-and-socket
origin and insertion
skeletal muscle is attached to bone or other CT structure at no fewer than two points. Origin is attached to the immovable bone, insertion is attached to the movable bone. Movement occurs when muscles contract across joints and their insertion moves toward their origin.
skull
cranial and facial bones
fibrous: suture
synarthrotic: no movement
temporomandibular
temporal bone and mandible
synovial:modified-hinge
Diarthrotic: gliding and uniaxial rotation; slight lateral movement, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction of mandible
Atlanto-occipital
occipital bone of skull and atlas
synovial: condyloid
Diarthrotic: biaxial, flexion, extension, lateral flexion, circumduction of head on neck
Altantoaxial
atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
synovial: pivot
Diarthrotic: uniaxial, rotation of the head
Intervertebral (1)
between adjacent vertebral bodies
Cartilaginous: symphysis
Amphiarthrotic: slight movement
Intervertebral (2)
between articular processes
Synovial: plane
Diarthrotic: gliding
Vertebrocostal
vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs
Synovial: plane
Diarthrotic: gliding of ribs
Sternoclavicular
sternum and clavicle
Synovial: shallow saddle (contains articular disc)
Diarthrotic: multiaxial (allows clavicle to move in all axes)
Sternocostal (1)
sternum and rib 1
cartilaginous: synchondrosis
synarthrotic: no movement
Sternocostal (2)
sternum and ribs 2-7
synovial: double plane
diarthrotic: gliding
acromioclavicular
acromion of scapula and clavicle
Synovial: plane (contains articular disc)
diarthrotic: gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle
Shoulder (glenohumeral)
scapula and humerus
synovial: ball-and-socket
Diarthrotic: multiaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus
Elbow
ulna (and radius) with humerus
Synovial: hinge
Diarthrotic: uniaxial, flexion, extension of forearm
Radioulnar
radius and ulna
Synovial: pivot
Diarthrotic: uniaxial, pivot (convex head of radius rotates in radial notch of ulna)
Wrist (radiocarpal)
Radius and proximal carpals
Synovial: condyloid
Diarthrotic: biaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of hand
Intercarpal
adjacent carpals
synovial: plane
diarthrotic: gliding
carpometacarpal of digit 1 (thumb)
carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal 1
synovial: saddle
diarthrotic: biaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, opposition of metacarpal 1
carpometacarpal of digits 2-5
carpals and metacarpals
synovial: plane
diarthrotic: gliding of metacarpals
knuckle (metacarpophalangeal)
metacarpal and proximal phalanx
synovial: condyloid
diarthrotic: biaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of fingers
finger (interphalangeal)
adjacent phalanges
synovial: hinge
diarthrotic: uniaxial, flexion, extension of fingers
sacroiliac
sacrum and coxal bone
synovial: plane in childhood, increasingly fibrous in adult
diarthrotic in child; amphiarthrotic in adult (more movement in pregnancy)
pubic symphysis
pubic bones
cartilaginous: symphysis
amphiarthrotic: slight movement (enhanced during pregnancy)
Hip (coxal)
hip bone and femur
synovial: ball-and-socket
diarthrotic: multiaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction of thigh
Knee (tibiofemoral)
femur and tibia
synovial: modified hinge (contains articular discs)
diarthrotic: biaxial, flexion, extension of leg, some rotation allowed in flexed position
Knee (femoropatellar)
femur and patella
synovial: plane
diarthrotic: gliding of patella
tibiofibular (proximal)
tibia and fibula (proximally)
synovial: plane
diarthrotic: gliding of fibula
tibiofibular (distal)
tibia and fibula (distally)
fibrous: syndesmosis
synarthrotic: slight "give" during dorsiflexion
Ankle
tibia and fibula with talus
synovial: hinge
diarthrotic: uniaxial, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion of foot
Intertarsal
adjacent tarsals
synovial: plane
diarthrotic: gliding, inversion and eversion of foot
tarsometatarsal
tarsals and metatarsals
synovial: plane
diarthrotic: gliding of metatarsals
metatarsophalangeal
metatarsals and proximal phalanx
synovial: condyloid
diarthrotic: biaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction circumduction of great toe
toe (interphalangeal)
adjacent phalanges
synovial: hinge
diarthrotic: uniaxial, flexion, extension of toes
gliding movement
occurs when one flat bone surface glides or slips over another without angulation or rotation; back-and-forth and side-to-side
angular movement
increase or decrease the angle between two bones; include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
flexion
bending movement along sagittal plane, decreases the angle of the joint and brings bones closer together
extension
occurs along sagittal plane, increases the angle between the bones and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body, along frontal plane
adduction
movement of a limb toward the body midline
circumduction
moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space; distal end of the limb moves in a circle while point of cone (shoulder or hip) is more or less stationary
rotation
turning of a bone around its own long axis
synovial joint: plane
articular surfaces are mostly flat, only short nonaxial gliding movements; no rotation around any axis
synovial joint: hinge
cylindrical end of one bone conforms to a trough-shaped surface on another; uniaxial; flexion and extension only
synovial joint: pivot
rounded-end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve" or ring composed of bone/ligament of another; uniaxial rotation along bones own long axis; atlas and axis - head from side-to-side
synovial joint: condyloid
oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another; biaxial; movement in all angular movements; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
synovial joint: saddle
each articular surface has both concave and convex areas; carpometaparpal joints of the thumbs
synovial joint: ball-and-socket
head of one bone articulates with the cuplike socket of another; multiaxial and most freely moving