calc/o
calcium
calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback
lamin/o
lamina, part of the vertebral arch
lord/o
curve, swayback; anterior curvature in the lumbar region
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked, bent
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
pore, passage
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs)
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o
ischium (posterior part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus (process on each side of ankle)
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i
pelvis (hipbone)
perone/o
fibula (
phalang/o
phalanges (finger/toe bones)
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of pelvic bone)
radi/o
radius (fore-arm bone, thumb side)
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
tars/o
tarsals bones of the hind foot)
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
uln/o
ulna (forearm bone, little finger side)
hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in the blood
kyphosis
an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column (hunchback)
laminectomy
surgical removal of the posterior portion of a vertebra to relieve pressure on a spinal nerve or spinal cord from a displaced inter vertebral disk
lordosis
forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column, "swayback"
lumbar
lower back
lumbosacral
pertaining to the lower bones of the back (lumbar and sacral regions)
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
orthopedics
surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting and treating deformities and diseases in bones.
osteitis
inflammation of bone
osteodystrophy
abnormal development of bone
osteogenesis
(imperfecta) congenital bone disease in which bones are unusually brittle and fragile
scoliosis
abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of spine
spondylosis
abnormal condition of the spine (vertebral column) characterized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints
vertebroplasty
surgical repair of the vertebra
osteoblast
bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue
osteoclast
large bone cell that functions to absorbb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing of fractures
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping or subluxation of one vertebra over another
osteomalacia
softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in bone, rickets
epiphysis
each end of a long bone
pubic symphysis
area of confluence (coming together_ of the two pubic bones in the pelvis. They are joined (sym=together, -physis= to grow) by a fibrocartilaginous disk
osteoporosis
abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue. bones become thin, weak, brittle and break easy
osteotome
instrument to cut bone
acetabular
of the cup-shaped socket that receives the head of the thigh bone
calcaneal
pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone)
carpal
wrist bone
supraclavicular
pertaining to above the clavicle (collar bone)
subcostal
pertaining to under the ribs
chondrochostal
pertaining to cartilage that is attached to the ribs
craniotomy
incision of the skull
craniotome
instrument to cut the skull
femoral
pertaining to the femur (thigh bone)
fibular
pertaining to the fibula (smaller lower lef bone)
humeral
pertaining to the humerous (upper arm bone)
iliac
pertaining to the ilium (upper and largest portion of the pelvic bone)
ischial
pertaining to the ischium (back portion of the pelvic bone)
malleolar
pertaining to a malleolus (, pertaining to the malleolus (bone that sticks out on each ankle)
mandibular
pertaining to lower jaw bone
maxillary
pertaining to the upper jawbone
metacarpectomy
Surgical excision of one or more bones of the hand
metatarsalgia
foot pain
olecranal
pertaining to the elbow
patellar
near or relating to the patella or kneecap
pelvimetry
obstetric measurement of the pelvis to evaluate proper conditions for vaginal delivery
peroneal
pertaining to the fibula
phalangeal
pertaining to the bones of the fingers and the toes
pubic
relating or near the pubis
radial
pertaining to the radius, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of wrist)
scapular
pertaining to shoulder blade
sternal
of or relating to or near the sternum
tarsectomy
removal of anklebone
tibial
pertaining of the two lower leg bones
ulnar
pertaining to thh ulna (forearm bone, little finger side)
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
ankylosis
immobility of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a joint (with prosthesis) total hip replacement, and total knee replacement are examples
arthrotomy
incision of a joint
hemarthrosis
condition of blood in a joint
hydrarthrosis
condition of water or fluid in a joint
polyarthritis
inflammation of many joints
articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa surrounding a joint
achondroplasia
inherited disorder in which bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size (achondroplastic dwarf)
chondroma
benign tumor of cartilage
chondromalacia
softening of cartilage
ligamentous
pertaining to a ligament
rheumatologist
Dr. specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint
tenorrhaphy
suture of tendon
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering
tendinitis
inflammation of tendons, tendonitis
arthrodesis
surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the cord and nerves
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
extension
increasing the angle between two bones, straightening out a limb
abduction
moving away from body
adduction
moving toward the body
rotation
circular movement around axis, (central point) internal rotation is toward the midline , and external rotation is away from the midline
dorsiflexion
decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so the foot bends backward (upward) this is the opposite of stepping on a gas pedal
plantar flexion
motion that extends the foot downward (pointing toes)
supination
as applied to hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm up. as applied to the foot, the outward roll of the foot in normal motion
pronation
as applied to hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm down, as applied to the foot, an inward roll of the foot during normal motion
fasci/o
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
leiomy/o
smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
plant/o
sole of the foot
myos/o
muscle
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
sarc/o
flesh
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
development, nourishment
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
many
fasciectomy
removal of fascia
fibromyalgia
chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in shoulders, neck, hips and knees
leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscle
myalgia
muscle pain
electromyography
process of recording strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
myopathy
disease of muscles
myocardial
Pertaining to the heart muscle
myositis
inflammation of muscles
plantar flexion
motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of striated voluntary muscle (attached to bones)
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of striated voluntary muscle
sarcopenia
Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging.
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
atrophy
wasting away of normally developed organ tissue (especially muscle)
hypertrophy
increase in size of individual cells
amyotrophic
Pertaining to loss of muscle development, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Lou Gehrigs Disease
abduction
Movement away from the midline
adduction
movement toward the midline
dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
polymyalgia
pain of many muscles
adip/o
fat
albin/o
white
caus/o
burning
cauter/o
burning
cutane/o
skin
derm/o
skin
dermat/o
skin
diaphor/o
profuse sweating
erythem/o
redness
erythemat/o
redness
hidr/o
sweat
ichthy/o
dry, scaly
kerat/o
hard
leuk/o
white
lip/o
fat
melan/o
black
myc/o
fungus
onych/o
nail
phyt/o
plant
pil/o
hair
py/o
pus
rhytid/o
wrinkle
seb/o
sebum (oily secretion from sebaceous glands)
squam/o
scale-like
steat/o
fat
trich/o
hair
ungu/o
nail
xanth/o
yellow
xer/o
dry
adipose
pertaining to fat
albinism
absence of pigment in skin, eyes, hair
causalgia
intensely unpleasant burning pain in a limb following damage to nerves
electrocautery
use of needle or snare by electric current to destroy or burn tissue (wart, polyps removal)
subcutaneous
pertaining to under the skin
epidermis
outer layer of skin
dermatitis
inflammation of skin
dermatoplasty
surgical repair of skin
dermatologist
specialist in the study of skin disorders
dermabrasion
treatment for removal of superficial scars or wrinkles on the skin using sandpaper-like material
epidermolysis
loosening of outer layer of skin with formation of large blisters (bullae)
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
erythema
condition of redness of the skin
anhidrosis
absence of sweating
ichthyosis
hereditary condition in which skin resembles fish scales and is dry, rough, and scaly
keratosis
excessive development of hard, keratinized tissue on the skin
leukoplakia
white plaques on mucous membranes and surfaces of the body
lipoma
benign tumor of fatty tissue
liposuction
removal of adipose with a suction device
melanocyte
cell in the basal layer of the epidermis that produces melanin
melanoma
malignant skin tumor
mycosis
any disease caused by fungus
onycholysis
separation of nail plate from nal bed in fungal infections after trauma
onychomycosis
fungal infection of a nail
paronychia
inflammation and swelling of skin folds around a nail
dermatophytosis
fungal infection of skin
pilosebaceous
pertaining to hair follicles and sebaceous glands
pyoderma
skin disease with pus formation
rhytidectomy
plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging
seborrhea
condition marked by excessive secretion of sebaceous glands
squamous epithelium
flat, scale like layer of cells in the epidermis or outer layer of skin
steatoma
fatty mass within sebaceous gland
trichomycosis
any disease of the hair caused by fungi
subungual
beneath a nail
xanthoma
yellowish-orange, lipid-filled nodule or plaque in the skin, often on an eyelid or over a joint.
xeroderma
excessive or abnormal dryness of the skin
aque/o
water
blephar/o
eyelid
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
cor/o
pupil
corne/o
cornea
cycl/o
ciliary body or muscle of the eye
dacry/o
tears, tear duct
ir/o
iris
irid/o
iris
kerat/o
cornea
lacrim/o
tears
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
eye, vision
optic/o
eye, vision
palpebr/o
eyelid
papill/o
optic disc, nipple like
phac/o
lens of the eye
phak/o
lens of the eye
pupill/o
pupil
retin/o
retina
scler/o
sclera (white of the eye)
uve/o
uvea, vascular layer of the eye
vitre/o
glassy
ambly/o
dull, dim
dipl/o
double
glauc/o
gray
mi/o
smaller, less
mydr/o
widen, enlarge
nyct/o
night
phot/o
light
presby/o
old age
scot/o
darkness
xer/o
dry
-opia
vision
-opsia
vision
-tropia
to turn
acous/o
hearing
audi/o
hearing, sense of hearing
aur/o
ear
auricul/o
ear
cochle/o
cochlea
mastoid/o
mastoid process
myring/o
eardrum, tympatic membrane
ossicul/o
ossicle
ot/o
ear
salping/o
eustachian tube, auditory tube
staped/o
stapes, third bone of middle ear
tympan/o
eardrum, tympatic membrane
vestibul/o
vestibule
-acusis
hearing
-cusis
hearing
-meter
instrument to measure
-otia
ear condition
aqueous humor
watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye
blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
blepharoptosis
drooping of the upper eyelid
conjunctivitis
pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva
anisocoria
unequal pupil size
corneal abrasion
an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea
cycloplegic
Paralysis of the muscles of the ciliary body.
dacryoadenitis
an inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
iritis
inflammation of the iris
iridic
of or relating to the iris of the eye
iridectomy
surgical removal of part of the iris of the eye
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred vision
lacrimal
relating to or located near the organ that produces tears
lacrimation
secretion of tears
intraocular
pertaining to within the eye
ophthalmologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the eye
ophthalmic
of or relating to ophthalmology
ophthalmoplegia
paralysis of the motor nerves of the eye
optic
the organ of sight
optometrist
a person skilled in testing for defects of vision in order to prescribe corrective glasses
optician
a worker who makes glasses for remedying defects of vision
palpebral
pertaining to the eyelid
papilledema
swelling of the optic disc
phacoemulsification
use of ultrasound to shatter and break up a cataract with aspiration and removal
aphakia
absence of the lens, usually after cataract extraction
pupillary
of or relating to the pupil of the eye
retinitis
inflammation of the retina
hypertensive retinopathy
destructive retinal changes caused by hypertension
corneoscleral
pertaining to the cornea and the sclera-outer layer
scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
uveitis
Inflammation of the uvea (vascular layer of the eye).
vitrious humor
posterior cavity is filled with this jelly like fluid
ambylopia
decreased vision in early life due to a functional defect that can occur as a result of strabismus, refractive errors (when one eye is more near-sighted, farsightered, or astigmatic than the other), or trauma; usually occurs in one eye, also known as lazy eye (ambyl/o = dim)
diplopia
double vision
glaucoma
group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision
miosis
Constriction of the pupil
mydriasis
Dilation of the pupil
nyctalopia
a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night; also known as night blindness
photophobia
extreme sensitivity to, and discomfort from, light
presbyopia
farsightedness resulting from a reduced ability to focus caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens with age
scotoma
blind spot in vision
xerophthalmia
drying of eye surfaces including the conjunctiva; also known as dry eye
hyperopia
farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays are focused on a point behind the retina
hemianopsia
Blindness in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes
esotropia
strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward toward the nose
acoustic
relating to sound or hearing
audiogram
record of hearing measurement
audiologist
person who specializes in the study of hearing impairments
auditory
Having to do with the sense of hearing
aural
pertaining to the sense of hearing
postauricular
pertaining to behind the ear
cochlear
Pertaining to the cochlea (spiral-shaped tube in the inner ear).
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid process
myringotomy
the surgical incision in the eardrum to create an opening for the placement of tympanostomy tubes
myringitis
inflammation of the eardrum
ossiculoplasty
Surgical repair of an ossicle (small bone) of the middle ear.
otic
of or relating to near the ear
otomycosis
abnormal condition of fungus in the ear
otopyorrhea
discharge of pus from the ear
otolaryngologist
physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, and throat diseases
salpingopharyngeal
Pertaining to the eustachian tube and the throat.
stapedectomy
surgical removal of the stapes of the middle ear
tympanoplasty
surgical correction or repair of defects or injuries in the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear
vestibulocochlear
pertaining to the vestibule and the cochlea
hyperacusis
Painful sensitivity to sounds.
presbycusis
Hearing impairment in old age
audiometer
an instrument used to measure the sensitivity of hearing
macrotia
abnormally large ears
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
gonad/o
sex glands
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland, hypophysis
thyr/o
thyroid gland
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
andr/o
male
calc/o
calcium
calci/o
calcium
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
crin/o
secrete
dips/o
thirst
estr/o
female
gluc/o
sugar
home/o
sameness
hormon/o
hormone
kal/i
potassium
lact/o
milk
myx/o
mucus
natr/o
sodium
phys/o
growing
somat/o
body
ster/o
solid structure
toc/o
childbirth
toxic/o
poison
ur/o
urine
-agon
assemble, gather together
-emia
blood condition
-in
a substance
-ine
a substance
-tropin
stimulating the function of (to turn or act on)
-uria
urine condition
eu-
good, normal
hyper-
excessive, above normal
hypo-
deficient, below normal
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
pan-
all
tetra-
four
tri-
three
adenectomy
removal of a gland
adrenopathy
disease of adrenal glands
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands
gonadotropin
hormone that stimulates the testes and ovaries to function
hypogonadism
deficient functioning of the gonads
pancreatectomy
excision of pancreas
parathyroidectomy
removal of parathyroid glands
hypopituitarism
deficient secretion of hormones from pituitary gland
thyrotropic hormone
hormone secreated by the anterior pituitary gland that acts on the thyroid gland (TSH or thyroid-stimulationg hormone)
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
androgen
male hormone responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the bloodstream
hypocalcemia
low levels of calcium in blood
hypercalciuria
high calcium levels in urine
corticosteroid
hormone secreted by adrenal cortex, (cortisol, aldosterone are examples)
endocrinologist
medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders
polydipsia
excessive thirst
estrogenic
pertaining to producing female characteristics
glucagon
The antagonist of insulin. Its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels. It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release glucose to the blood.
hyperglycemia
high levels of sugar in the blood
glycemic
`pertaining to blood sugar
glycogen
animal starch, glycogen is broken down to produce sugar.
homeostasis
tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability
hormonal
pertaining to a hormone
hypokalemia
low levels of potassium in the blood
prolactin
secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland, promotes milk secretion
myxedema
hypofunctioning of the thyroid glands in adults
hyponatremia
low levels of sodium in the blood
hypophysectomy
removal of pituitary gland
somatotropin
hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, growth hormone
steroid
complex substance related to fat, many hormones are steroids (estrogens, cortisol, aldosterone)
oxytocin
hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of pituitary gland, stimulates contractions of uterus during childbirth
thyrotoxicosis
hyperthyroidism
antidiuretic hormone
secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, promotes water re-absorption by the kidney
glucagon
hormone secreted by the pancreas, increases blood glucose by conversion of glycogen to glucose
hypoglycemia
low levels of sugar in the blood
epinephrine
hormone secreted by adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure
adrenocorticotropin
secretion from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex, ACTH
glycosuria
sugar in urine
euthyroid
normal functioning of thyroid gland
hyperkalemia
excessive potassium in the blood
hypoinsulinism
deficient production of insulin
oxytocin
hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth
panhypopituitarism
deficiency of ALL pituitary gland hormones
tetraiodothyronine
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism, thyroxine T4
triiodothyronine
hormone secreted by the thyroid gland stimulates body metabolism T3