are the interface between the nervous system and the internal and external environment

1. Refers to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception
2. Refers to smell, taste, balance, hearing, and vision

1. free nerve endings
2. retina
3. A. Large receptive fields have receptors spread far apart, which makes it difficult to localize a stimulus
B. Small receptive fields have receptors close together, which makes it easy to localize a stimulus.

1. receptor to a specific neuron in the CNS
A. the connection b/w a receptor and a neuron
B. its own specific sensation

1. Always active
A. Photoreceptors of the eye constantly monitor body position
2. Normally inactive but become active when necessary (for short periods of time)
A. Touch and pressure receptors of the skin (for example)

1. Reduction in sensitivity due to a constant stimulus
2. Receptors respond strongly at first and then decline
3. Adaptation within the CNS, Consciously aware of a stimulus, which quickly disappears

1. provide information about the external environment
2. provide information about the position of the body
3. provide information about the inside of the body

1. respond to the sensation of pain
2. respond to changes in temperature
3. activated by physical distortion of cell membranes
4. monitor the chemical composition of body fluids

A. free nerve endings and large receptor fields
B. pinpoint location of origin of pain
C. I. Receptors sensitive to extreme temperatures
II. Receptors sensitive to mechanical damage
III. Receptors sensitive to chemicals

A. Sensations reach the CNS fast, Associated with pricking pain or cuts
B. Sensations reach the CNS slowly, Associated with burns or aching pains
C. Sensations reach the spinal cord via the dorsal roots, Some visceral organ pain sensations may reach the spinal cord via the same dorsal root

A. I. dermis II. skeletal muscle III. liver
IV. hypothalamus
B. Cold, Hot
C. free nerve endings
D. phasic
E. the same pathway as pain info

A. sensitive to stretch, compression, twisting, or distortion of the plasmalemmae
B. I. tactile receptors II. Baroreceptors
III. Proprioceptors

1. sensations of touch, pressure, and vibrations
2. free nerve endings, tactile disc, and root hair plexus
3. tactile corpuscle, Ruffini corpuscle, and lamellated corpuscle

A. dermis
B. Tactile discs
C. distortions and movements of the body surface

A. common on eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, and genitalia
B. in the dermis, sensitive to pressure and distortion
C. consists of concentric cellular layers / sensitive to vibrations

A. Stretch receptors that monitor changes in the stretch of organs
B. stomach, small intestine, urinary bladder, carotid artery, lungs, and large intestine

Monitor the position of joints, tension in the tendons and ligaments, and the length of muscle fibers upon contraction

1. small changes in the concentration of chemicals
2. water-soluble or lipid-soluble compounds
3. respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, carotid arteries, and aortic arch

1. Olfaction (smell)
2. Gustation (taste)
3. Equilibrium
4. Hearing
5. Vision

1. olfactory receptors
2. supporting cells
3. basal cells

1. olfactory ipithelium
2. the cribiform foramina
3. the olfactory bulbs
4. the brain via Olfactory CN I
5. cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system

1. olfactory epithelium 2. cribiform plate
3. olfactory tract 4. olfactory CN I fibers
5. olfactory bulb

1. olfactory nerve fibers 2. cribiform plate
3. olfactory (bowmans) gland 4. olfactory epithelia

1. different sensitivities an therefore detect different smells
2. replaced
3. decrease

1. papillae
2. taste buds
3. gustatory cells
4. a slender microvilli that extends through the taste pore into the surrounding fluid

1. the taste hairs (microvilli)
2. gustatory cell through CN VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus)
3. nucleus solitarius of the medulla oblongata
4. cerebral cortex

1. 10,000
2. declines, 50
3. low
4. high

1. balance and hearing
2. A. external ear
B. middle ear
C. inner ear

1. Auricle
2. External acoustic meatus
3. Tympanic membrane
4. Ceruminous glands

1. external ear 2. auricle
3. external acoustic meatus 4. tympanic membrane
5. middle ear 6. tympanic cavity
7. auditory ossicles 8. Auditory tube
9. Inner ear 10. semicircular canals
11. vestibule 12. cochlea
13. bony labyrinth 14. vestibulocochlear N

1. Tympanic cavity
2. Auditory ossicles
3. Auditory tube (pharyngotympanic tube)

1. tympanic cavity 2. auditory canal
3. stapedius muscle 4. stapes
5. tensor tympanic muscle 6. incus
7. malleus

1. Receptors 2. Bony labyrinth
3. Membranous labyrinth (within the bony labyrinth)
4. Vestibule 5. Semicircular canals
6. Cochlea 7. Utricle
8. Saccule

1. semicircular canal 2. anterior
3. lateral 4. posterior
5. semicircular ducts 6. vestibule
7. cochlea

1. perilymph 2. bony labyrinth
3. endolumph 4. membranous labyrinth

1. Part of inner ear that provides equilibrium sensations by detecting rotation, gravity, and acceleration
2. A. semicircular canals
B. utricle
C. Saccule

A. encases a duct.
B. the beginning of each duct
C. cristae with hair cells

D. kinocilium and stereocilia
E. embedded in gelatinous material called the cupula
F. causes movement of fluid in the canal, which in turn causes movement ofthe cupula and hair cells, which the brain detects

A. connected to the ampulla and to each other and to the fluid within the cochlea
B. in clusters called maculae
C. gelatinous material consisting of statoconia
D. collectively are called an otolith

1. cemicircular canals begins to move
2. bending of the kinocilium and stereocilia
3. depolarization of the associated sensory nerve
4. to the left
5. moves back and forth causing the hair cells to bend back and forth resulting in confusing signals, thus dizziness

1. A. otoliths
B. press down on the macular surface
C. lift off the macular surface
2. A. shift to one side of the macular surface

1. snail-shaped spirals
2. a central area called the modiolus
3. modiolus
4. CN VIII (vestivulocochlear)
5. corti

1. A. Scala vestibuli
B. Scala tympani
C. Scala media
2. basilar membrane
3. connected at the apical end of the cochlea
4. basilar membrane within the scala media

A. (vestibular duct): consists of perilymph
B. (tympanic duct): consists of perilymph
C. (cochlear duct): consists of endolymph / this layer is between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

1. spiral organ
2. basilar membrane, scala media, scala tympani
3. in contact with an overlaying tectorial membrane

1. the external acoustic meatus
2. tympanic membrane
3. the vibration of the ossicles
4. stapes, oval window, scala tympani
5. perilymph

5. perilymph
6. pressure
7. distorts the hair cells of the organ of corti
8. depolarizes the neurons
9. brain via CN VIII(vestibulocochlear)

1. eyelids
2. connect the eyelids at the corners of the eye
3. area between the eyelids
4. contain root hair plexus, which triggers the blinking reflex
5. epithelial lining of the eyelids
6. glands of Zeis, tarsal glands, lacrimal gland, lacrimal caruncle

A. inside lining of the eyelids and the outside lining of the eye
B. prevent these layers from becoming dry
C. inner lining of the eyelids
D. outer lining of the eye

A. sebaceous glands / associated with eyelashes
B. secrete a lipid-rich product / keeps theeyelids from sticking together / located along the inner margin of the eyelids
C. produce tears / located at the superior, lateral portion of the eye
D. produce thick secretions /located within the canthus areas

A. An infection of the tarsal gland may result in a
B. An infection of any of the other glands may result in a

1. lacrimal apparatus
2. A. Lacrimal glands
B. Lacrimal canaliculi
C. Lacrimal sac
D. Nasolacrimal duct

1. lacrimal glands
2. ocular surface
3. nasolacrimal canal
4. into the nasal cavity

1. optic nerve 2. fovea
3. retina 4. choroid
5. sclera 6. posterior cavity
7. ora serrata 8. ciliary body
9. anterior chamber 10. lens
11. pupil 12. cornea
13.posterior chamber 14. corneal limbus
15. suspensory ligaments 16. vitreous humor
17. aqueous humor

1. outer layer
2. sclera and cornea
3. some degree of protection
4. attachment sites for extra-ocular muscles
5. cornea

1. middle layer
2. blood vessels, lymphatics, and intrinsic eye muscles
3. the amount of light entering the eye
4. secretes and reabsorbs
5. shape of the lens
6. iris, ciliary body, and the choroid

1. blood vessels, pigment, and smooth muscles
2. the color of the eye
3. smooth muscles, pupil

ciliary muscles connected to suspensory ligaments, which are connected to the lens

1. vascularized
2. outermost portion of the retina

1. inner layer
2. retina
3. A. pigment layer- outer layer
B. neural layer- inner layer
4. A. rods- night vision
B. cones - color vision

1. neural part 2. pigmented part
3. neural tunic (retina) 4. choroid
5. ciliary body 6. iris
7. vasicular tunic (uvea) 8. cornea
9. sclera 10. fibrous tunic

1. cone 2. rod
3. bipolar cells 4. ganglion cells
5. horizontal cell

1. A. I. anterior chamber
A. II. posterior chamber
B. aqueous fluid
2. A. vitreous chamber
B. vitreous fluid

1. cells at the ciliary body area
2. posterior chamber
3. pupil area
4. anterior chamber
5. canal or schlemm
6. venous ciculation

1. ciliary process

1. gelatinous material in the posterior chamber
2. shape of eye
3. position of lens
4. position of retina

1. If this fluid cannot drain through the canal of Schlemm, pressure builds up
2. If this fluid is not of the right consistency, the pressure is reduced against the retina

1. cornea
2. anterior chamber
3. pupil
4. posterior chamber
5. lens
6. lense, retina

1. rods and cones
2. fovea centralis acrea
3. optic disc area
A. blind spot

1. light to be stimulated
2. cones deactivate and rods begin to be activated