1. Provide protection
2. physical stability
3. shock absorption

help anchor the spinal cord in position

1. tough, fibrous outermost layer
2. middle layer
3. innermost layer

1. white matter 2. grey matter
3. ventral root 4. dorsal root
5. spinal nerve 6. dorsal root ganglion
7. pia mater 8. arachnoid mater
9. dura mater

1. Central canal
2. consists of somas (cell bodies) surrounding the central canal

1. consists of axons
2. nerves organized into tracts or columns
3. located outside grey matter area

1. nuclei
2. A. sensory nuclei
B. motor nuclei

1. somatic sensory and visceral nuclei
2. visceral motor nuclei
3. somatic motor nuclei
4. consists of axons crossing from one side to the other

1. posterior gray horn 2. posterior median sulcus
3. posterior gray commissure 4. lateral gray horn
5. anterior gray horn 6. anterior median fissure
7. somatic 8. visceral
9. sensory nuclei 10. visceral
11. somatic 12. motor nuclei
13. to ventral root 14. from dorsal root

1. columns of nerves (fascicles
2. A. Columns
B. sensory tracts (ascending tracts)
C. motor tracts (descending tracts)

1. 31
2. 8
3. 12
4. 5
5. 5.
6. 1

1. cervical spinal N. 2. Thoracic Spinal N
3. Lumbar spinal N 4. Sacral Spinal N
5. Coccygeal N 6. Cervical Enlargement
7.posterior median sulcus 8.lumbosacral enlargement
9. conus medullaris 10. inferior tip of spinal C
11. cuada equina 12. fillum terminale

1. outer layer- becomes continuous with dura mater
2. layer surrounding a fassicle (bundle of axons)
3. layer surrounding a single axon

1. epineurium
2. perineurium
3. endoneurium

1./2. A. innervates smooth muscles, glands, and organs
B. motor impulses leave the spinal cord through the ventral root to the spinal nerve
3. innervates skeletal mucles of the neck and back
4. innervates skeletal muscles of the limbs

1. Motor Commands
2. Postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles, glands, etc. of back
3. to skeletal muscles of back
4. to skeletal muscles of body wall, limbs
5. postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles, glands, etc of body wall, limbs
6. postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles, glands, visceral organs in thoracic cavity
7. preganglionic fibers to sympathetic ganglia innervating abdominopelvic viscera
8. somatic motor commants
9. visceral motor commands

1. Dorsal Ramus 2. Ventral ramus
3. grey ramus (postganglionic)
4. white ramus (preganglionic)5. Rami communicantes
6. sympathetic nerve 7. dorsal root ganglion
8. dorsal root 9. visceral motor
10. somatic motor 11. ventral root
12. Spinal Nerve 13. Sympathetic ganglion

sensory impulses travel in the spinal nerve through the dorsal root to the spinal cord

1. Sensory information
2. from interoceptors of back
3. from exteroceptors, proprioceptors of back
4. from exteroceptors, proprioceptors of body wall, libms
5. from interoceptors of body wall, limbs
6. from interoceptors of visceral organs
7. somatic sensations
9. visceral sensations

1. dorsal ramus 2. ventral ramus
3. rami communicantes 4. ventral root
5. dorsal root ganglion 6. dorsal root
7. somatic sensory 8. visceral sensory

1. A sensory region monitored by the dorsal rami of a single spinal segment
2. clinically important areas regarding surgery

1. C1-C5
2. C4-T1
3. T12-L4
4. L4-S4
5. sometimes lumbar and sacral are combined T12-S4

1. Cervical Plexus 2. Brachial plexus
3. Lumbar Plexus 4. Sacral Plexus
5. phrenic N 6. Axillary N
7. Musculocutaneous N 8. Radial N
9. Ulner N 10. Median N
11. Digital N

1. Iliohypogastric N 2. Ilioinguinal
3. Genitofemoral N 4. lateral femoral cutaneousN
5. Femoral N 6. obturator N
7. Saphenous N 8. Superior Gluteal N
9. Inferior Gluteal N
10. posterior femoral cutaneous M
11. Perineal Branches

1. Sciatic N 2. Tibial N
3. Sural N 4. Common fibular(peroneal)N
5. Pudendal N 6. Perineal Branch
7. Hemorrhoidal branch 8. Thoracic N
9. intercostal N 10. Lateral cutaneous Branch
11. Anterior cutaneous branch

1. Cutaneous branches
2. Muscular Branches

1. A. head B. Neck C. Chest
2. A. Omohyoid B. Sternohyoid C. Geniohyoid
D. Thyrohyoid E. Sternothyroid F. Scalenes
G. Sternocleidomastoid H. Levator Scapulae
I. Trapezius J. Diaphragm

1. Phrenic Nerve

1. A. Superior Trunk
B. Middle Trunk
C. Inferior Trunk
2. Lateral cord

1. superior trunk 2. Middle trunk
3. Inferior Trunk 4. Musculocutaneous N
5. Median N 6. Ulnar N
7. Radial N 8. Deep radial N
9. Superficial Radial N 10. Palmar Digital N

1. merging of the trunks
2. an extension of the inferior trunk
3. an extention of the middle trunk

1. roots (ventral rami) 2. Trunks
3. Divisions 4. Cords
5. Peripheral Nerves 6. Superior trunk
7. Middle trunk 8. Inferior Trunk
9. lateral cord 10. posterior cord
11. medial cord 12. axillary N
13. Musculocutaneous N 14. median nerve

1. Extends to musclulocutaneous N
2. extends to form the ulnar N
3. branches from Radial N and Axillary N
4. Extends to form the median N

Brachial Plexus
Spinal Segments Nerve(s)
C5,C6 Axillary Nerve
C5-T1 Radial Nerve
C5-C7 Musculocutaneous Nerve
C6-T1 Median Nerve
C8,T1 Ulnar Nerve

1. Iliohypogastric N 2. Ilioinguinal N
3. Genitofemoral N 4. Lateral Femoral cutaneous N
5. Femoral N 6. Obturator N

1. Superior Gluteal N 2. Inferior Gluteal N
3. sciatic N 4. posterior femoral cutaneous N
5. Pudineal N

1. Superior Gluteal N 2. Inferior Gluteal N
3. sciatic N 4. posterior femoral cutaneous N
5. Pudineal N 6. . Iliohypogastric N
7. Ilioinguinal N 8. Genitofemoral N
9. Lateral Femoral cutaneous N 10. Femoral N 11. Obturator N 12. saphenous M

1. An immediate involuntary response
2. A. The neural “wiring” of a single reflex
B. I. Sensory receptor, II. Peripheral receptor

1. their development
2. The site where info is processed
3. the nature of resulting motor response
4. complexity of neural circuit

1. A. Innate B. Acquired
2. A. Spinal B. Cranial (cerebral)
3. A. Somatic B. Visceral C. Autonomic
4. A. Monosynaptic B. Polysynaptic

1. Activation of a sensory receptor
2. Relay of information to the CNS
3. Information processing
4. Activation of a motor neuron
5. Response by the effector

A. genetically determined
B. learned

A. I. Control Skeletal contractions
II. includes superficial and stretch reflexes
B. Control actions of smooth and cardiac muscles, glands

1. Involves a single segment of the spinal cord
2. Integrates motor output from several spinal segments

1. Stimulus stretches a muscle
2. Activates a sensory neuron
3. Information is processed in the spinal cord
4. Motor neurons are activated
5. Muscle (effector) contracts