What is 1?
urethral orifice
What is 2?
vaginal orifice
What is 3?
perineal membrane
What is 4?
levator ani
What is 5?
anal aperture
What is 6?
anal triangle
What is 7?
urogenital triangle
The line dividing the perineum is the line joining the two __________ __________, creating the __________ triangle anteriorly and the __________ triangle posteriorly.
ischial tuberosities, urogenital, anal
The urogenital triangle lies in a __________ plane, while the anal triangle lies in a __________ plane, meaning they are __________ __________ __________ same plane.
horizontal, posterior, not in the
What is 1?
urogenital triangle
What is 2?
anal triangle
What is 3?
urethral orifice
What is 4?
perineal membrane
What is 5?
levator ani
What is 6?
sacrotuberous ligament
What is 7?
anal aperture
What is 1?
anterior superior iliac spine
What is 2?
pubic tubercle
What is 3?
pubic symphysis
What is 4?
sacrum
What is 5?
sacrospinous ligament
What is 6?
sacrotuberous ligament
What is 7?
pelvic inlet
What is 8?
anal triangle of perineum
What is 9?
urogenital triangle of perineum
The urogenital hiatus is a __________-shaped opening in the __________ __________, located within the __________ triangle.
U, pelvic diaphragm, urogenital
The urogenital hiatus allows passage of the __________ in males, and the __________ and __________ in females.
urethra, urethra, vagina
the perineal membrane has a free edge/margin where?
__________ __________ /__________
posterior edge/margin
The perineal membrane is a thick, fascial structure attached to the bones of the __________ __________ with a free __________ __________.
pubic arch, posterior margin
The two perineal pouches within the perineal membrane are the __________ perineal pouch located __________ to the membrane, and the __________ perineal pouch located __________ to the membrane.
deep, superior, superficial, inferior
The inferior boundary of the superficial perineal pouch is the __________ __________.
Colles' fascia
What is 1?
superficial perineal fascia (colles’ fascia)
What is 2?
perineal body
What is 3?
ischial tuberosity
What is 4?
coccyx
What is 5?
external anal sphincter
What is 6?
levator ani
What is 7?
gluteus maximus
What is 8?
obturator internus
What is 9?
superficial transverse perineal
What is 10?
perineal membrane
What is 11?
ischiocavernosus
What is 12?
bulbospongiosus
What is 1?
superficial perineal fascia (colles’ fascia)
What is 2?
ischial tuberosity
What is 3?
bulbospongiosus
What is 4?
ischiocavernosus
What is 5?
perineal membrane
What is 6?
superficial transverse perineal
What is 7?
obturator internus
What is 8?
gluteus maximus
What is 9?
levator ani
What is 10?
external anal sphincter
The superficial perineal space is located between the __________ __________ superiorly and the __________ __________ inferiorly.
perineal membrane, Colles' fascia
Colles' fascia is continuous with __________ fascia of the abdominal wall and __________ fascia of the scrotum and penis.
Scarpa's, Dartos
Laterally, Colles' fascia is tightly adherent to the __________ and __________ rami, and posteriorly to the __________ edge of the perineal membrane.
pubic, ischial, posterior
What is 1?
deep membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue
What is 2?
deep fascia of penis
What is 3?
superficial (dartos) fascia of penis and scrotum
What is 4?
superficial perineal colles fascia
Extravasted bloody urine from a damaged spongy urethra can pass into the __________ fascia of the lower abdomen, the __________ fascia of the penis and scrotum, the __________ fascia of the perineum, and the __________ perineal pouch.
Scarpa's, Dartos, Colles', superficial
Extravasted urine cannot pass into the __________ fascia of the penis, the __________, or the __________ triangle due to tight adherence of Colles' fascia to the __________ __________ and the __________ __________ of the thigh.
Buck's, thigh, anal, perineal membrane, fascia lata
The superficial perineal space contains the __________ tissues that form the penis in males and the __________ in females.
erectile, clitoris
In males, the erectile structures within the superficial perineal space include the __________ of the corpora cavernosa, the __________ __________, and the __________ of the penis.
crura, corpus spongiosum, bulb
In females, the erectile structures in the superficial perineal space include homologous structures to the male and the __________ __________ glands, also called __________ glands.
greater vestibular, Bartholin
The superficial perineal space also contains muscles associated with erectile tissues, the __________ __________ perineal muscle, and their investing fascia called __________ fascia.
superficial transverse, Gallaudet's
Neurovascular contents of the superficial perineal space include branches of the __________ __________ vessels and the __________ nerve.
internal pudendal, pudendal
The tunica albuginea is a dense, __________ capsule that surrounds the two __________ __________ erectile tissues of the __________.
fibrous, corpora cavernosa, penis
The __________ muscles cover the crura of the penis, while the __________ muscle covers the bulb.
ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus
The root of the penis is attached to the __________ __________ and the __________ __________.
pubic arch, perineal membrane
in what part of the penis can you find the urethra? __________ __________
corpus spongiosum
What is 1?
corpora cavernosa
What is 2?
corpus spongiosum containing urethra
What is 3?
glans penis
What is 4?
external urethral orifice
What is 5?
navicular fossa of urethra
What is 6?
crus of penis
What is 7?
bulbourethral gland within deep pouch
What is 8?
bulb of penis
What is 1?
bulbospongiosus muscle
What is 2?
ischiocavernosus muscle
What is 3?
fundiform ligament of penis
What is 4?
suspensory ligament of penis
What is 5?
superficial transverse perineal muscle
What is 6?
perineal body
The skeletal muscles of the perineum are innervated by the __________ nerve, a branch of the __________ nerve, which arises from spinal segments __________ to __________.
perineal, pudendal, S2, S4
The terminal branch of the pudendal nerve is the __________ nerve of the __________, which provides __________ afferents from the penis.
dorsal, penis, sensory
The dorsal nerve of the penis is involved in the __________ sacral spinal reflex related to __________.
erection, erection
Sensory afferents from the penis involved in the erection reflex are carried by the __________ nerve of the penis, the terminal branch of the __________ nerve, arising from spinal segments __________ to __________.
dorsal, pudendal, S2, S4
Parasympathetic efferents involved in erection travel via __________ __________ nerves, enter the __________ __________ plexuses, __________ plexuses, and __________ nerves, releasing __________ and __________.
pelvic splanchnic, inferior hypogastric, prostatic, cavernous, ACh, NO
The release of neurotransmitters during erection causes the __________ arteries to relax, allowing increased blood flow into the penis.
helicine
During erection, the __________ __________ and __________ __________ become engorged with blood, the __________ and __________ muscles compress veins to prevent venous return, and the __________ __________ helps maintain penile turgidity.
corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, tunica albuginea
Damage to the pudendal nerve can cause penile __________ but does not affect __________ erection.
insensitivity, psychogenic
Sensory afferents from the penis are carried by the __________ nerve of the penis, a terminal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-S4), while erectile function is mediated by the __________ nerves carrying __________ efferents.
dorsal, cavernous, parasympathetic
The neurotransmitters involved in erection are __________ and __________.
ACh, NO
ACh and NO cause the __________ arteries to __________, allowing greater blood flow into the penis.
helicine, relax
During erection, the __________ __________ and __________ __________ become engorged with blood.
corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum
The __________ and __________ muscles compress veins to prevent venous return, while the __________ __________ helps maintain penile turgidity.
ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, tunica albuginea
During emission, __________ nerves from spinal segments __________ to __________ cause peristalsis that moves semen to the prostatic urethra via the __________ ducts.
sympathetic, L1, L2, ejaculatory
During expulsion, __________ nerves (L1-L2) close the __________ urethral sphincter of the bladder.
sympathetic, internal
Parasympathetic nerves from spinal segments __________ to __________ cause contraction of the __________ smooth muscle during expulsion.
S2, S4, urethral
The somatic reflex involving the __________ nerve (S2-S4) causes contraction of the __________ muscle during ejaculation.
pudendal, bulbospongiosus
what nerves cause peristalsis to move semen to the prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory ducts?
__________ __________ -__________
sympathetics L1-L2
The two layers of the scrotum are __________, which is heavily pigmented and thin, and the __________ fascia, a fat-free layer containing smooth muscle.
skin, dartos
When cold, the __________ fascia/muscle contracts, reducing scrotal surface area and helping the __________ muscle keep the testes against the body wall.
dartos, cremasteric
The anterior scrotal nerves are branches of the __________ and __________ nerves.
ilioinguinal, genitofemoral
The posterior scrotal nerves arise from the __________ nerve, originating from spinal segments __________ to __________.
pudendal, S2, S4
The anterior labial nerves that innervate the labia majora come from the __________ nerve.
ilioinguinal
The posterior labial nerves, which also innervate the labia majora, arise from the __________ __________ nerve, a branch of the __________ nerve.
superficial perineal, pudendal
What is 1?
greater vestibular gland in superficial pouch
What is 2?
bulb of vestibule
What is 3?
glans clitoris
What is 4?
corpora cavernosa
What is 5?
crus of Clitoris
The deep perineal pouch contains skeletal __________, blood __________, and __________.
The deep perineal pouch is located immediately __________ to the perineal membrane.
muscle, vessels, nerves
superior (deep)
In males, the deep perineal pouch contains the __________ glands, also known as __________ glands.
bulbourethral, Cowper's
The deep perineal pouch in both males and females contains a sheet of skeletal muscle that functions as the __________ __________ __________.
external urethral sphincter
The __________ __________ perineal muscle lies parallel to the free margin of the perineal membrane and helps stabilize the perineal body.
deep transverse
In females, the deep perineal pouch contains two additional muscles: the __________ __________ and the __________ __________.
sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae
The deep transverse perineal muscles are found within the __________ __________ __________ in both males and females.
deep perineal pouch
The deep transverse perineal muscles run __________ to the free margin of the __________ __________ and help stabilize the __________ __________.
parallel, perineal membrane, perineal body
What is 1?
opening of the urethra
What is 2?
external urethral sphincter
What is 3?
sphincter urethrovaginalis
What is 4?
perineal membrane
What is 5?
deep perineal pouch
What is 6?
compressor urethrae
What is 7?
deep transverse perineal muscle
What is 8?
opening for vagina
The external urethral sphincter in both males and females is formed by a sheet of __________ __________ located in the __________ __________ __________.
skeletal muscle, deep perineal pouch
in anatomical position, what direction the the anal triangle face?
__________
postero-inferiorly
The lateral boundaries of the anal triangle are the medial margins of the __________ __________.
sacrotuberous ligaments
The anterior boundary of the anal triangle is a line between the __________ __________, marking the free posterior border of the __________ __________.
ischial tuberosities, perineal membrane
The posterior boundary of the anal triangle is the __________.
coccyx
The ischioanal fossae are large, __________-lined, __________-shaped spaces located on either side of the __________ __________.
fascia, wedge, anal canal
The ischioanal fossae lie between the __________ and the __________ fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.
skin, inferior
Alcock's canal is a thickening or specialization of the __________ __________ fascia.
obturator internus
Alcock's canal contains the __________ __________ vessels, the __________ nerve, and the __________ nerve.
internal pudendal, pudendal, perineal
Inflammation in the anal canal can lead to a fistula between the __________ __________ and the __________ __________.
anal canal, ischioanal fossa
An anal canal fistula can result in painful __________ formation and may spread to the __________ recess or through the deep __________ space to the opposite side.
abscess, anterior, postanal
The two sides of the ischioanal fossa communicate through the __________ __________ space, which lies superior to the __________ ligament.
deep postanal, anococcygeal
Clinically, communication between both sides of the ischioanal fossa allows an __________ to spread from one side to the other.
abscess
What is 1?
obturator artery
What is 2?
umbilical artery
What is 3?
inferior vesical artery
What is 4?
inferior gluteal artery
What is 5?
internal pudendal artery
What is 6?
superior vesical artery
What is 7?
middle rectal artery
What is 8?
internal pudendal artery, vein, nerve in pudendal canal
What is 9?
inferior rectal artery
What is 1?
common iliac artery
What is 2?
internal iliac artery
What is 3?
external iliac artery
What is 4?
dorsal artery of penis
What is 5?
deep artery of penis
What is 6?
iliolumbar artery
What is 7?
lateral sacral arteries
What is 8?
internal pudendal artery
What is 9?
inferior rectal artery
What is 10?
artery of bulb
The major somatic innervation of the perineum is the __________ nerve, which arises from spinal cord levels __________ to __________.
pudendal, S2, S4
The pudendal nerve exits the pelvic cavity via the __________ __________ foramen, loops around the __________ __________, and enters the __________ __________ foramen.
greater sciatic, ischial spine, lesser sciatic
After entering Alcock's canal in the anal triangle, the pudendal nerve gives off the __________ __________ nerve and continues into the urogenital triangle as the __________ nerve.
inferior rectal, perineal
The pudendal nerve terminates as the __________ nerve of the penis or clitoris and does not carry __________ fibers involved in erection or ejaculation.
dorsal, autonomic
What is 1?
piriformis muscle
What is 2?
ischial spine
What is 3?
pudendal nerve
What is 4?
inferior anal nerve
What is 5?
perineal nerve
What is 1?
pudendal nerve
What is 2?
obturator internus muscle
What is 3?
pudendal canal in fascia of obturator internus
What is 4?
inferior rectal nerve
What is 5?
dorsal nerve of penis
What is 6?
coccygeal artery
What is 7?
sacrospinous ligament
What is 8?
levator ani muscle
What is 9?
perineal nerve
Bicycle seat neuropathy is caused by compression of the __________ nerve in __________ __________ against the __________ __________.
pudendal, Alcock's canal, ischial tuberosity
Symptoms of bicycle seat neuropathy include __________ in the perineal region and, in some cases, __________.
numbness, impotence
To relieve perineal pain during childbirth, a physician may perform a __________ __________ __________ by palpating the __________ __________ through the __________ and injecting anesthetic around the nerve.
pudendal nerve block, ischial spine, vagina
what has happened to this patient?
bartholinitis
Bartholinitis is an infection of the __________ (also called the __________ __________) gland.
Bartholin, greater vestibular
Bartholinitis presents with swelling, __________, and __________—the three cardinal signs of inflammation.
redness, pain
Infections like bartholinitis may cause enlargement of the __________ __________ lymph nodes on the side of the infected gland.
superficial inguinal
Scrotal cancer first metastasizes to the __________ __________ lymph nodes.
superficial inguinal
Scrotal cancer is rare in the USA but can be associated with __________ infection.
HPV
Damage to the pudendal nerve can cause urinary __________ because the __________ __________ __________ is innervated by the deep perineal nerve, a branch of the pudendal nerve.
incontinence, external urethral sphincter
What is this?
Scrotal cancer