Anatomy JV Exam 2: Perineum Flashcards


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1
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What is 1?

urethral orifice

2
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What is 2?

vaginal orifice

3
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What is 3?

perineal membrane

4
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What is 4?

levator ani

5
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What is 5?

anal aperture

6
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What is 6?

anal triangle

7
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What is 7?

urogenital triangle

8

The line dividing the perineum is the line joining the two __________ __________, creating the __________ triangle anteriorly and the __________ triangle posteriorly.

ischial tuberosities, urogenital, anal

9

The urogenital triangle lies in a __________ plane, while the anal triangle lies in a __________ plane, meaning they are __________ __________ __________ same plane.

horizontal, posterior, not in the

10
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What is 1?

urogenital triangle

11
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What is 2?

anal triangle

12
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What is 3?

urethral orifice

13
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What is 4?

perineal membrane

14
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What is 5?

levator ani

15
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What is 6?

sacrotuberous ligament

16
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What is 7?

anal aperture

17
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What is 1?

anterior superior iliac spine

18
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What is 2?

pubic tubercle

19
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What is 3?

pubic symphysis

20
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What is 4?

sacrum

21
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What is 5?

sacrospinous ligament

22
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What is 6?

sacrotuberous ligament

23
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What is 7?

pelvic inlet

24
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What is 8?

anal triangle of perineum

25
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What is 9?

urogenital triangle of perineum

26

The urogenital hiatus is a __________-shaped opening in the __________ __________, located within the __________ triangle.

U, pelvic diaphragm, urogenital

27

The urogenital hiatus allows passage of the __________ in males, and the __________ and __________ in females.

urethra, urethra, vagina

28

the perineal membrane has a free edge/margin where?

__________ __________ /__________

posterior edge/margin

29

The perineal membrane is a thick, fascial structure attached to the bones of the __________ __________ with a free __________ __________.

pubic arch, posterior margin

30

The two perineal pouches within the perineal membrane are the __________ perineal pouch located __________ to the membrane, and the __________ perineal pouch located __________ to the membrane.

deep, superior, superficial, inferior

31

The inferior boundary of the superficial perineal pouch is the __________ __________.

Colles' fascia

32
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What is 1?

superficial perineal fascia (colles’ fascia)

33
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What is 2?

perineal body

34
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What is 3?

ischial tuberosity

35
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What is 4?

coccyx

36
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What is 5?

external anal sphincter

37
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What is 6?

levator ani

38
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What is 7?

gluteus maximus

39
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What is 8?

obturator internus

40
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What is 9?

superficial transverse perineal

41
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What is 10?

perineal membrane

42
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What is 11?

ischiocavernosus

43
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What is 12?

bulbospongiosus

44
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What is 1?

superficial perineal fascia (colles’ fascia)

45
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What is 2?

ischial tuberosity

46
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What is 3?

bulbospongiosus

47
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What is 4?

ischiocavernosus

48
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What is 5?

perineal membrane

49
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What is 6?

superficial transverse perineal

50
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What is 7?

obturator internus

51
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What is 8?

gluteus maximus

52
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What is 9?

levator ani

53
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What is 10?

external anal sphincter

54

The superficial perineal space is located between the __________ __________ superiorly and the __________ __________ inferiorly.

perineal membrane, Colles' fascia

55

Colles' fascia is continuous with __________ fascia of the abdominal wall and __________ fascia of the scrotum and penis.

Scarpa's, Dartos

56

Laterally, Colles' fascia is tightly adherent to the __________ and __________ rami, and posteriorly to the __________ edge of the perineal membrane.

pubic, ischial, posterior

57
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What is 1?

deep membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue

58
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What is 2?

deep fascia of penis

59
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What is 3?

superficial (dartos) fascia of penis and scrotum

60
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What is 4?

superficial perineal colles fascia

61

Extravasted bloody urine from a damaged spongy urethra can pass into the __________ fascia of the lower abdomen, the __________ fascia of the penis and scrotum, the __________ fascia of the perineum, and the __________ perineal pouch.

Scarpa's, Dartos, Colles', superficial

62

Extravasted urine cannot pass into the __________ fascia of the penis, the __________, or the __________ triangle due to tight adherence of Colles' fascia to the __________ __________ and the __________ __________ of the thigh.

Buck's, thigh, anal, perineal membrane, fascia lata

63

The superficial perineal space contains the __________ tissues that form the penis in males and the __________ in females.

erectile, clitoris

64

In males, the erectile structures within the superficial perineal space include the __________ of the corpora cavernosa, the __________ __________, and the __________ of the penis.

crura, corpus spongiosum, bulb

65

In females, the erectile structures in the superficial perineal space include homologous structures to the male and the __________ __________ glands, also called __________ glands.

greater vestibular, Bartholin

66

The superficial perineal space also contains muscles associated with erectile tissues, the __________ __________ perineal muscle, and their investing fascia called __________ fascia.

superficial transverse, Gallaudet's

67

Neurovascular contents of the superficial perineal space include branches of the __________ __________ vessels and the __________ nerve.

internal pudendal, pudendal

68

The tunica albuginea is a dense, __________ capsule that surrounds the two __________ __________ erectile tissues of the __________.

fibrous, corpora cavernosa, penis

69

The __________ muscles cover the crura of the penis, while the __________ muscle covers the bulb.

ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus

70

The root of the penis is attached to the __________ __________ and the __________ __________.

pubic arch, perineal membrane

71

in what part of the penis can you find the urethra? __________ __________

corpus spongiosum

72
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What is 1?

corpora cavernosa

73
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What is 2?

corpus spongiosum containing urethra

74
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What is 3?

glans penis

75
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What is 4?

external urethral orifice

76
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What is 5?

navicular fossa of urethra

77
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What is 6?

crus of penis

78
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What is 7?

bulbourethral gland within deep pouch

79
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What is 8?

bulb of penis

80
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What is 1?

bulbospongiosus muscle

81
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What is 2?

ischiocavernosus muscle

82
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What is 3?

fundiform ligament of penis

83
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What is 4?

suspensory ligament of penis

84
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What is 5?

superficial transverse perineal muscle

85
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What is 6?

perineal body

86

The skeletal muscles of the perineum are innervated by the __________ nerve, a branch of the __________ nerve, which arises from spinal segments __________ to __________.

perineal, pudendal, S2, S4

87

The terminal branch of the pudendal nerve is the __________ nerve of the __________, which provides __________ afferents from the penis.

dorsal, penis, sensory

88

The dorsal nerve of the penis is involved in the __________ sacral spinal reflex related to __________.

erection, erection

89

Sensory afferents from the penis involved in the erection reflex are carried by the __________ nerve of the penis, the terminal branch of the __________ nerve, arising from spinal segments __________ to __________.

dorsal, pudendal, S2, S4

90

Parasympathetic efferents involved in erection travel via __________ __________ nerves, enter the __________ __________ plexuses, __________ plexuses, and __________ nerves, releasing __________ and __________.

pelvic splanchnic, inferior hypogastric, prostatic, cavernous, ACh, NO

91

The release of neurotransmitters during erection causes the __________ arteries to relax, allowing increased blood flow into the penis.

helicine

92

During erection, the __________ __________ and __________ __________ become engorged with blood, the __________ and __________ muscles compress veins to prevent venous return, and the __________ __________ helps maintain penile turgidity.

corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, tunica albuginea

93

Damage to the pudendal nerve can cause penile __________ but does not affect __________ erection.

insensitivity, psychogenic

94

Sensory afferents from the penis are carried by the __________ nerve of the penis, a terminal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-S4), while erectile function is mediated by the __________ nerves carrying __________ efferents.

dorsal, cavernous, parasympathetic

95

The neurotransmitters involved in erection are __________ and __________.

ACh, NO

96

ACh and NO cause the __________ arteries to __________, allowing greater blood flow into the penis.

helicine, relax

97

During erection, the __________ __________ and __________ __________ become engorged with blood.

corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

98

The __________ and __________ muscles compress veins to prevent venous return, while the __________ __________ helps maintain penile turgidity.

ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, tunica albuginea

99

During emission, __________ nerves from spinal segments __________ to __________ cause peristalsis that moves semen to the prostatic urethra via the __________ ducts.

sympathetic, L1, L2, ejaculatory

100

During expulsion, __________ nerves (L1-L2) close the __________ urethral sphincter of the bladder.

sympathetic, internal

101

Parasympathetic nerves from spinal segments __________ to __________ cause contraction of the __________ smooth muscle during expulsion.

S2, S4, urethral

102

The somatic reflex involving the __________ nerve (S2-S4) causes contraction of the __________ muscle during ejaculation.

pudendal, bulbospongiosus

103

what nerves cause peristalsis to move semen to the prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory ducts?

__________ __________ -__________

sympathetics L1-L2

104

The two layers of the scrotum are __________, which is heavily pigmented and thin, and the __________ fascia, a fat-free layer containing smooth muscle.

skin, dartos

105

When cold, the __________ fascia/muscle contracts, reducing scrotal surface area and helping the __________ muscle keep the testes against the body wall.

dartos, cremasteric

106

The anterior scrotal nerves are branches of the __________ and __________ nerves.

ilioinguinal, genitofemoral

107

The posterior scrotal nerves arise from the __________ nerve, originating from spinal segments __________ to __________.

pudendal, S2, S4

108

The anterior labial nerves that innervate the labia majora come from the __________ nerve.

ilioinguinal

109

The posterior labial nerves, which also innervate the labia majora, arise from the __________ __________ nerve, a branch of the __________ nerve.

superficial perineal, pudendal

110
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What is 1?

greater vestibular gland in superficial pouch

111
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What is 2?

bulb of vestibule

112
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What is 3?

glans clitoris

113
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What is 4?

corpora cavernosa

114
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What is 5?

crus of Clitoris

115

The deep perineal pouch contains skeletal __________, blood __________, and __________.

The deep perineal pouch is located immediately __________ to the perineal membrane.

muscle, vessels, nerves

superior (deep)

116

In males, the deep perineal pouch contains the __________ glands, also known as __________ glands.

bulbourethral, Cowper's

117

The deep perineal pouch in both males and females contains a sheet of skeletal muscle that functions as the __________ __________ __________.

external urethral sphincter

118

The __________ __________ perineal muscle lies parallel to the free margin of the perineal membrane and helps stabilize the perineal body.

deep transverse

119

In females, the deep perineal pouch contains two additional muscles: the __________ __________ and the __________ __________.

sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae

120

The deep transverse perineal muscles are found within the __________ __________ __________ in both males and females.

deep perineal pouch

121

The deep transverse perineal muscles run __________ to the free margin of the __________ __________ and help stabilize the __________ __________.

parallel, perineal membrane, perineal body

122
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What is 1?

opening of the urethra

123
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What is 2?

external urethral sphincter

124
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What is 3?

sphincter urethrovaginalis

125
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What is 4?

perineal membrane

126
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What is 5?

deep perineal pouch

127
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What is 6?

compressor urethrae

128
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What is 7?

deep transverse perineal muscle

129
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What is 8?

opening for vagina

130

The external urethral sphincter in both males and females is formed by a sheet of __________ __________ located in the __________ __________ __________.

skeletal muscle, deep perineal pouch

131

in anatomical position, what direction the the anal triangle face?

__________

postero-inferiorly

132

The lateral boundaries of the anal triangle are the medial margins of the __________ __________.

sacrotuberous ligaments

133

The anterior boundary of the anal triangle is a line between the __________ __________, marking the free posterior border of the __________ __________.

ischial tuberosities, perineal membrane

134

The posterior boundary of the anal triangle is the __________.

coccyx

135

The ischioanal fossae are large, __________-lined, __________-shaped spaces located on either side of the __________ __________.

fascia, wedge, anal canal

136

The ischioanal fossae lie between the __________ and the __________ fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.

skin, inferior

137

Alcock's canal is a thickening or specialization of the __________ __________ fascia.

obturator internus

138

Alcock's canal contains the __________ __________ vessels, the __________ nerve, and the __________ nerve.

internal pudendal, pudendal, perineal

139

Inflammation in the anal canal can lead to a fistula between the __________ __________ and the __________ __________.

anal canal, ischioanal fossa

140

An anal canal fistula can result in painful __________ formation and may spread to the __________ recess or through the deep __________ space to the opposite side.

abscess, anterior, postanal

141

The two sides of the ischioanal fossa communicate through the __________ __________ space, which lies superior to the __________ ligament.

deep postanal, anococcygeal

142

Clinically, communication between both sides of the ischioanal fossa allows an __________ to spread from one side to the other.

abscess

143
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What is 1?

obturator artery

144
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What is 2?

umbilical artery

145
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What is 3?

inferior vesical artery

146
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What is 4?

inferior gluteal artery

147
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What is 5?

internal pudendal artery

148
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What is 6?

superior vesical artery

149
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What is 7?

middle rectal artery

150
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What is 8?

internal pudendal artery, vein, nerve in pudendal canal

151
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What is 9?

inferior rectal artery

152
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What is 1?

common iliac artery

153
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What is 2?

internal iliac artery

154
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What is 3?

external iliac artery

155
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What is 4?

dorsal artery of penis

156
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What is 5?

deep artery of penis

157
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What is 6?

iliolumbar artery

158
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What is 7?

lateral sacral arteries

159
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What is 8?

internal pudendal artery

160
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What is 9?

inferior rectal artery

161
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What is 10?

artery of bulb

162

The major somatic innervation of the perineum is the __________ nerve, which arises from spinal cord levels __________ to __________.

pudendal, S2, S4

163

The pudendal nerve exits the pelvic cavity via the __________ __________ foramen, loops around the __________ __________, and enters the __________ __________ foramen.

greater sciatic, ischial spine, lesser sciatic

164

After entering Alcock's canal in the anal triangle, the pudendal nerve gives off the __________ __________ nerve and continues into the urogenital triangle as the __________ nerve.

inferior rectal, perineal

165

The pudendal nerve terminates as the __________ nerve of the penis or clitoris and does not carry __________ fibers involved in erection or ejaculation.

dorsal, autonomic

166
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What is 1?

piriformis muscle

167
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What is 2?

ischial spine

168
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What is 3?

pudendal nerve

169
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What is 4?

inferior anal nerve

170
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What is 5?

perineal nerve

171
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What is 1?

pudendal nerve

172
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What is 2?

obturator internus muscle

173
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What is 3?

pudendal canal in fascia of obturator internus

174
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What is 4?

inferior rectal nerve

175
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What is 5?

dorsal nerve of penis

176
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What is 6?

coccygeal artery

177
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What is 7?

sacrospinous ligament

178
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What is 8?

levator ani muscle

179
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What is 9?

perineal nerve

180

Bicycle seat neuropathy is caused by compression of the __________ nerve in __________ __________ against the __________ __________.

pudendal, Alcock's canal, ischial tuberosity

181

Symptoms of bicycle seat neuropathy include __________ in the perineal region and, in some cases, __________.

numbness, impotence

182

To relieve perineal pain during childbirth, a physician may perform a __________ __________ __________ by palpating the __________ __________ through the __________ and injecting anesthetic around the nerve.

pudendal nerve block, ischial spine, vagina

183
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what has happened to this patient?

bartholinitis

184

Bartholinitis is an infection of the __________ (also called the __________ __________) gland.

Bartholin, greater vestibular

185

Bartholinitis presents with swelling, __________, and __________—the three cardinal signs of inflammation.

redness, pain

186

Infections like bartholinitis may cause enlargement of the __________ __________ lymph nodes on the side of the infected gland.

superficial inguinal

187

Scrotal cancer first metastasizes to the __________ __________ lymph nodes.

superficial inguinal

188

Scrotal cancer is rare in the USA but can be associated with __________ infection.

HPV

189

Damage to the pudendal nerve can cause urinary __________ because the __________ __________ __________ is innervated by the deep perineal nerve, a branch of the pudendal nerve.

incontinence, external urethral sphincter

190
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What is this?

Scrotal cancer