Posterior longitudinal ligaments are attached __________ and are __________, providing less support. The __________ direction, which lacks ligamentous support, is an area that can __________.
posteriorly; narrower; posterolateral; herniate
The __________ and the __________ of the body make up the border of the vertebral foramen.
vertebral arch; posterior
Lumbar vertebrae have nearly __________ articular facets, permitting __________, __________, and __________ __________, but limiting __________.
vertical; flexion; extension; lateral flexion; rotation
__________ is marked in the lumbar region.
Extension
In the lumbar region, the IV discs are __________ relative to vertebral __________.
thick; thickness
In general, the superior articular facet faces __________, and the inferior articular facet faces __________.
posterior; anterior
Ligaments that limit flexion and become taut are: __________ __________, __________ __________, __________, __________.
posterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavum, interspinous, supraspinous
The atlas has no __________ but has __________ masses with superior __________ surfaces.
body; lateral; articular
The atlas has a __________ tubercle but no __________ process.
posterior; spinous
The atlas has articular facets for the __________ of the __________ vertebra.
dens; C2
The atlas has transverse processes with __________.
foramina
The vertebral column has __________ cervical vertebrae; C1 is the __________ and C2 is the __________.
7; atlas; axis
The vertebral column has __________ thoracic vertebrae.
12
The vertebral column has __________ lumbar vertebrae.
5
The vertebral column has __________ sacral vertebrae, which are __________.
5
fused
The vertebral column has __________ free and __________ fused coccygeal vertebrae.
1
3
The vertebral __________ is in one vertebra, while the vertebral __________ is formed by the foramina of the entire vertebral column, where the __________ is located.
foramen; canal; spinal cord
What is 1?
superior vertebral notch
What is 2?
pedicle
What is 3?
vertebral body
What is 4?
inferior vertebral notch
What is 5?
lamina (interarticular part)
What is 6?
superior articular process
What is 7?
transverse process
What is 8?
spinous process
What is 9?
inferior articular facet
What is 1?
inferior articular process and facet
What is 2?
transverse process
What is 3?
suprior articular facet
What is 4?
vertebral body
What is 5?
spinous process
What is 6?
lamina
What is 7?
pedicle
What is 8?
vertebral arch
What is 9?
vertebral foramen
What is 10?
epiphyseal rim
The vertebral __________ is for __________ bearing.
body; weight
The vertebral __________ protects the __________ __________.
arch; spinal cord
The transverse and spinous processes provide a __________ advantage for __________ attachment.
mechanical; muscle
The purpose of the articular processes is to have __________ for synovial joints that __________ and __________ motion.
facets; guide; limit
Cervical vertebrae have __________ process foramina and a __________ vertebral foramen.
transverse; large
Thoracic vertebrae have __________ facets and a __________ spinous process.
costal; long
Lumbar vertebrae have a __________ body and a __________, __________ spinous process.
large; short; blunt
4o mini
The axis has a __________, centrally located process called the __________.
large; dens
The axis has two large __________ articular facets.
superior
The dens has a facet that articulates with the __________ arch of the atlas at the __________ joint.
anterior; atlantoaxial
The sacrum has a __________ __________, used for epidurals.
sacral hiatus
The sacrum has a median crest, formed by fused __________ processes.
median; spinous
The sacrum has a lateral crest, formed by fused __________ processes.
lateral; transverse
The sacrum has __________ and __________ sacral foramina.
anterior; posterior
The sacrum has hidden __________ foramina.
intervertebral
The sacrum has __________ posterior foramina and __________ anterior foramina, which provide passage for the __________ and __________ rami.
4; 4; dorsal; ventral
What is 1?
sacral canal
What is 2?
median crest
What is 3?
lateral crest
What is 4?
posterior sacral foramina
What is 5?
sacral hiatus
What is the red?
promontory
What is the yellow?
anterior sacral foramina
What are these pics of?
cervical vertebrae
What are these pics of?
thoracic vertebrae
What are these pics of?
lumbar vertebrae
Zygapophysial joints are between the __________ and __________ articular processes.
superior; inferior
Zygapophysial joints are __________ joints, surrounded by a __________ capsule.
synovial; joint
Zygapophysial joints can be seen with a __________.
radiograph
The intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral bodies make up a __________ joint that allows for __________ and absorbs __________. It can be seen with __________.
symphysis; movement; shock; MRI
The symphysis between adjacent vertebral bodies is formed by __________ cartilage.
hyaline
The intervertebral disc is made up of an outer __________ __________ and an inner __________ __________.
anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus
Anterior longitudinal ligaments are attached __________ to the vertebral bodies and the __________ discs.
anteriorly; intervertebral
Ligamenta flava are __________ and connect adjacent __________. They are predominately made up of __________ tissue.
yellow; laminae; elastic
Interspinous ligaments connect __________ processes.
spinous
Supraspinous ligaments connect __________ of __________ process
tips
spinous
What is 1?
ligamenta flava
What is 2?
interspinous ligaments
What is 3?
supraspinous ligaments
The nuchal ligament of the cervical spine contains __________ tissue.
fibroelastic
The nuchal ligament attaches from the __________ __________ __________ to the __________ spinous process (all the way to C7).
external occipital protuberance; cervical
The nuchal ligament resists __________ and aids in returning the head to __________ position.
flexion; anatomical
The nuchal ligament provides attachment sites for __________.
muscles
What is 1?
nuchal ligament
What is 2?
ligamenta flava
What is 3?
interspinous ligaments
What is 4?
anterior longitudinal ligament
Ligaments that limit extension are the __________ __________ ligaments.
anterior longitudinal
The amount of motion is greatest in the __________ region.
cervical
In the cervical region, IV discs are __________ relative to vertebral __________.
thick; thickness
The greatest movement available in the thoracic region is __________.
rotation
The __________ __________ limits motion of the thoracic vertebral column, especially flexion and extension.
rib cage
Flexion of the vertebral column is greatest in the __________ region.
cervical
The cervical articular facets (zygapophyseal joints) are __________ and are not tightly interlocked.
horizontal
Facet joints are __________ joints.
plane
The atlantooccipital joint (OA) is where the __________ condyles of the skull articulate with the __________ articular facets of the atlas.
occipital
superior
The OA joint allows for __________ and __________ of the head, and to a lesser degree, __________.
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
The atlantoaxial joint only has __________, which is limited by the __________ ligaments.
rotation
alar
The transverse ligament of the atlas keeps the dens of the __________ vertebra from moving __________ and __________ upon the spinal cord
C2
posterior
impinging
__________ ligament of __________ surrounds the dens of the C2.
Transverse
atlas
Alar ligaments connect the __________ to limit __________
dens
rotation
The symphysis between adjacent vertebral bodies is formed by __________ cartilage.
hyaline