human anatomy chapter 13 Flashcards

1. Controls and adjust the activity of the body
2. Provides swift but brief responses

1. Central Nervous system (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

associated with the brain and the spinal cord

associated with the tissue outside the CNS

1. Afferent
2. Efferent

A. Brings sensory information toward the CNS
B. I. Somatic
II. Visceral

1. Carries motor commands away from the CNS
2. I. Somatic nerves
II. Autonomic nerves

1. Central Nervous system
2. Peripheral Nervous system

A. monitors skeletal muscles and joints
B. monitors smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and other internal organs

A. Controls skeletal muscle contraction
B. Controls internal organ activities

1. parasympathetic nerves
2. sympathetic nerves

I. Causes pupil constriction. decrease heart rate, and tense the urinary bladder
II. Cause pupil dilation, increase heart rate, relax urinary bladder

1. Neurons
2. Neuroglia

A. Nerve cells that are responsible for the transfer and processing of information in the nervous system
B. a soma, axon, and dendrites

A.Supporting cells
B. Protect the neuron

1. Axon 2. cell body
3. Nucleus 4. nucleolus
5. dendrites

1. Provide the framework for the neural tissue
2. Maintain the intercellular environment
3. Act as phagocytes
4. Over 100 billion
5. Roughly five times the number of neurons
6. Also called glial cells
7. Have the ability to reproduce

1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells

1. Satellite cells
2. Schwann cells

1. Neuroglia 2. Peripheral nervous System
3. Central Nercous System 4. Satellite cells
5. Schwann cells 6. Oligodenrocytes
7. Astrocytes 8. Microglia
9. Ependymal cells

A. cytoplasmic processes
B. chemical content of the interstitialenvironment
C. the blood–brain barrier
D. the neurons from general circulation

A. contact the somas or axons
B. tie axons together in a  sheath of myelin

A. Phagocytic cells
B. Protect the neuron by removing waste and debris

1. the ventricles of the brain
2. the central canal of the spinal cord
3. the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) composition
4. secrete CSF

1. Neuron 2. Myelinated axons
3. internode 4. Microglial cell
5. Oligodendrocyte 6. Myelin cut
7. axolemma 8. axon
9. myelin sheath gap 10. Astrocyte
11. unmyelinated axon

1. Ependymal cells
2. central canal

Regulate the exchange of material between the cell body and the environment

A. neurolemmocytes
B. Myelin sheath

1. Nerve Cell body 2. Nucleus
3. satellite cells 4. Connective Tissue

1. Axon hillock 2. Nucleus
3. dendrites 4. Axon
5. Myelinated internode
6. Initialsegment(unmyelinated)
7. Myelin sheath gaps 8. Schwanncell nucleus
9. Axon 10. neurolemma
11. Myelin covering internode 12. axolemma

1. schwann cell 2. schwann cell nucleus
3. neurolemma 4. axon
5. Myelin sheath gap

1. Axons
2. Soma (cell body)
3. Dendrites
4. Terminal boutons

1. Conducts nerve impulse(action potential) towardsynaptic terminals
2. Contains the nucleus,mitochondria, ribosomes, andother organelles and inclusions
3. Stimulated byenvironmental changes orthe activities of other cells
4.Affect another neuronor effector organ(muscle or gland)

1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Ribosomes (clusters are called Nissl bodies orchromatophilic substances – create gray matter)
4. Mitochondria
5. Golgi apparatus
6. centrosomes – cannot reproduce

1. Axon hillock area
2. Axoplasm
3. Axon vesicles containing neurotransmitters

1. Structure
2. Function

1. the placement of the cell body
2. the number of processes extending from the cell body

1. Anaxonic
2. Bipolar
3. Pseudounipolar
4. Multipolar

A. Has many processes but cannot differentiate between axons and dendrites
B. The cell body is between two axons
C. The cell body is off to one side of the axon
D. Typically has a single axon and multiple dendrites

1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Interneuron (involved with both sensory and motor)

1. Anaxonic 2. Bipolar
3. Pseudounipolar 4. Multipolar
5. Dendrites 6. axon
7. Terminalboutons

A. Sensory
B. Motor
C. Interneuron

I. Sends information from the PNS to the CNS
II. Somatic sensory and visceral sensory
III. receptors and send it to the CNS

I. Sends information from the CNS to the periphery
II. to the effectors of the periphery or organs

I. the motor and sensory neurons
II. sensory input and coordinate motor outputs
III. excitatory or inhibitory

1. Exteroceptors
2. Proprioceptors
3. Interoceptors

Provide information about the external environment such as:
Touch, temperature, pressure, sight, smell, and hearing

Monitor position and movement of the body

Monitor internal organ activity

1. Schwann cells grow into the cut area
2. Axons begin to grow into the Schwann cells

1. a nerve impulse
2. the exchange of ionsacross the membrane
3. The ability to conduct the impulse
4. anything that causes an action potential to occur
5. threshold level of that particular neuron
6. the amount of stimuli required to create the action potential

1. Presence of myelin sheath
2. diameter of the axon

1. Fast impulse
2. Slow impulse
3. Fast impulse, Up to 140 m/sec
4. Slow impulse, Less than 1 m/sec

1. The axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
2. The axon of one neuron and the soma of another neuron
3. The axon of one neuron and the axon of another neuron
4. The axon of a neuron and a muscle
5. The axon of a neuron and a gland

1. Synapses with another neuron
2. Neuromuscular synapses
3. Neuroglandular synapses

1. Involve a neurotransmitter, Impulses are conveyed in one direction only
2. Involve the flow of ions, Impulses can be conveyed in any direction

1. An action potential arrives at the presynaptic membrane
2. This triggers the release of a neurotransmitter from the axon vesicles
3. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse
4. The neurotransmitter binds to the postsynaptic membrane

5. This binding action causes a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane
6. This change in permeability results in an action potential of the next neuron

1. The presynaptic membrane of one neuron is tightly bound to the postsynaptic membrane of another neuron
2. This binding permits the passage of ions from one neuron to the next

neuronal pools

1. neural circuitry
A. Divergence
B. Convergence
C. Serial processing
D. Parallel processing
E. Reverberation

I. The spread of information from one neuron to several neurons
II. broad distribution of a specific input
III. the CNS and then spreads to the brain and spinal cord at the same time

I. Information going from several neurons to a single neuron
II. Movements of the diaphragm muscle are involuntary, but yet at times we can move the diaphragm muscle voluntarily

I. Information going from one neuron to the next in a sequence
II. Information going to one part of the brain then, to another part, and then to another part, etc.

I. Several neurons are processing the information at the same time
II. If you step on a nail, you typically move your foot, shout “ouch,” and dance a bit, all at the same time

I. Collateral axons extend back toward the origin of the impulse to cause an enhancement or a continuation of the impulse

A. Divergence
B. Convergence
C. Serial processing
D. Parallel processing
E. Reverberation

1. grey matter
2. white matter
A. tracts and column

1. Ganglia
2. spinal nerves and cranial nerves