A. skeletal bones B. cartilage
C. Ligaments D. Connective Tissue

1. Support 2. Storage of mineral 3. Blood cell production 4. leverage 5. protection

A.outer bone lining
B. i. isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissue
ii. provides a route and a place for attachment for circulatory and nervous supply
iii. actively participates in bone growth and repair
iv. attaches bone to CT network of the deep fascia

A. inner bone lining
B. medullary cavity
C. osteoprogenitor cells
D. repair and growth

calcium phosphate

calcuium phosphates turn into this to resist compression

1. Collagen Fibers
2. Bone Cells (ONLY 2% OF BONE MASS)

A. 2/3 of bone matrix
B. the tensile strength of bone
c. Collagen; hydroxyapatite

A. mature bone cells
B. the protein and mineral content of the matrix

A. immature bone cells
B. the inne rand outer surfaces of bones
C. osteiod, which is involved in making the matrix
D. osteoblasts; osteogenesis
E. osteoblasts; osteocytes

A. the inner and outer surfaces of bones
B. form new osteoblasts
C. the repair of bones after a break

A. acids, which dissolve bone causing a release of stored calcium and phosphate ions into the blood.
B. osteolysis

1. Compact Bone
2. Spongy Bone

A. dense and solid
B. the walls of bone outlining the medullary cavity
C. osteons
D. bone marrow

A. an open network of plates
B. in parallel struts.
C. branching plates and an open network
D. lightweight nature of bones

A. from one area of body to another area
B. tremendous strength from end to end
C. when stress is applied to the side

A. strength to deal with stress from the side.

A. epiphysis B. metaphysis C. diaphysis D. metaphysis E. epiphysis F. Spongy bone
G. compact bone H. medulary cavity
I. articular surface of head of femur

Tendons are cemented into the lamellae by osteoblasts, making the part of bone.

when cartilage cells will be replaced by bone cells

Bone Formation

the deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue

involved in the development of clavicle, mandible, skull, and face

involved in the development of limbs, vertebrae, and hips

1. intramembranous ossification
2. endochondral ossification

1. mesenchymal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts
2. osteoblasts begin secreting a matrix
3. osteoblasts become trapped in thhe matrix
4. osteoblasts differentiate and form osteocytes
5. more osteoblasts are produced, thus move outward
6. eventually compact bone is formed

1. the developing bone begins as cartilage cells
2. cartilage matrix grows inward (interstitial growth)
3. cartilage matrix grows outward (appositional growth)
4. blood vessels grow around the cartilage

5. Perichondrial cells convert to osteoblasts
6. osteoblasts develop a superficial layer of bone around the cartilage
7. blood vessels penetrate the cartilage
8. osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the diaphysis
9. this becomes the primary center of ossification

10. the cartilage near the epiphysis converts to bone
11. blood vessels penetrate the epiphysis
12. osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the epiphysis
13. epiphysis becomes the secondary center of ossification

1. area of in the metaphysis
2. Epiphyseal cartilage
3. converted to bone
4. gets narrower as we age

1. As the cartilage enlarges,chondrocytes near thecenter of the shaftincrease greatly in size.The matrix is reduced to aseries of small struts thatsoon begin to calcify. Theenlarged chondrocytesthen die and disintegrate,leaving cavities within thecartilage.
2. Blood vessels growaround the edges of thecartilage, and the cells ofthe perichondrium convert to osteoblasts. The shaft of the cartilage then becomes ensheathed in a superficial layer of bone.

3. Blood vessels penetrate thecartilage and invade the centralregion. Fibroblasts migratingwith the blood vesselsdifferentiate into osteoblastsand begin producing spongybone at a primary center ofossification. Bone formationthen spreads along the shafttoward both ends.
4.Remodeling occurs as growthcontinues, creating a medullarycavity. The bone of the shaftbecomes thicker, and the cartilagenear each epiphysis is replaced byshafts of bone. Further growthinvolves increases in length (Steps 5and 6) and diameter (see Figure 5.9).

5. Capillaries and osteoblastsmigrate into the epiphyses,creating secondaryossification centers.
6. Soon the epiphyses are filled withspongy bone. An articular cartilageremains exposed to the joint cavity;over time it will be reduced to a thinsuperficial layer. At each metaphysis, an epiphyseal cartilage separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis.

1. appositional growth
2. surrounded by bone cells
3. "tunnels"
4. "tunnel", a blood vessel in it

1. Bone formation at the surfaceof the bone produces ridgesthat parallel a blood vessel.
2. The ridges enlarge and createa deep pocket.
3. The ridges meet and fuse, trappingthe vessel inside the bone.

4. Bone deposition proceeds inward towardthe vessel, beginning the creation of atypical osteon.
5. Additional circumferential lamellae aredeposited and the bone continues toincrease in diameter.
6. Osteon is complete with new centralcanal around blood vessel. Second bloodvessel becomes enclosed.

1. nutrient vessels
2. metaphyseal vessels
3. Epiphyseal vessels
4. periosteal vessels

A. the diaphysis and branch toward the epiphysis
B. the compact bone leading to the central canals of the osteons.

2. Supply nutrients to the diaphyseal edge of the epiphysis
3. supply nutrients to the medullary cavities of the epiphysis
4. supply nutrients to the superficial osteons

1. nutrition 2. calcium ions 3. phosphate ions
4. citrate 5. carbonate ions 6. magnesium ions
7. sodium ions 8. vitamins A,C,D 9. hormones

A. parathyroid hormone
B. osteoclasts
C. osteoblasts
D. calcium ion absorption from the small intestine to the blood.

A. Calcitonin
B. osteoclasts
C. calcium ions from blood and adds in to bone

A. thyroxine (T4)
B. normal activity of the epiphyseal cartilage

A. growth hormone (somatotropin)
B. normal activity of the epiphyseal cartilage

1. When we’re young, osteoblast activity balances with osteoclast activity
2. When we get older, osteoblast activity slows faster than osteoclast activity
3. When osteoclast activity is faster than osteoblast activity, bones become porous
4. Estrogen keeps osteoclast activity under control

1. estrogen levels drop
2. lost
A. overactive
3. porous
A. osteoporosis

1. bleeding occurs
2. A network of spongy bone forms
3. Osteoblasts are overly activated, thus resulting in enlarged callused area
4. This area is now stronger and thicker than normal bone

1. Immediately after the fracture,extensive bleeding occurs.Over a period of severalhours, a large blood clot, orfracture hematoma, develops.
2.An internal callus forms asa network of spongy boneunits the inner edges, andan external callus ofcartilage and bonestabilizes the outer edges.

3. The cartilage of the externalcallus has been replaced by bone,and struts of spongy bone nowunite the broken ends. Fragmentsof dead bone and the areas ofbone closest to the break havebeen removed and replaced.
4. A swelling initially marksthe location of the fracture.Over time, this region willbe remodeled, and little evidence of the fracturewill remain.

1. sutural bones 2. irregular bones
3. short bones 4. pneumatized bones
5. flat bones 6. long bones
7. sesamoid bones

1. sutural bones 2. irregular bones
3. short bones 4. pneumatized bones
5. flat bones 6. long bones
7. sesamoid bones

1. projections 2. depressions
3. fissures 4. foramina
5. canals (meatuses)

1. trochanter 2. head 3. Neck
4. facet 5. tubercle 6. condyle

1. fissure 2. ramus
3. process 4. foramen

1. canal 2. sinuses 3. meatus

1. tubercle 2. head 3. sulcus
4. neck 5. tuberosity 6. fossa
7. trochlea 8. condyle

1. spine 2. line 3. foramen
4. crest 5. fossa 6. ramus