Standing erect. Feet together with the toes pointing forward. Head is directed forward. Arms hang at the side in a somewhat unnatural position with the palms of the hands facing forward.
Anatomical position
Toward the front of the body.(Chest side)
Anterior
Toward the back side of the body.
Posterior
The eyes are located ________ on the head
Anterior
The vertebral column is _______ to the head.
Posterior
Toward the front of the body Vs Toward the back side of the body
Anterior Vs Posterior
Front of the body and is divided into the Thoracic cavity(chest) and the Abdominopelvic(abdominal and pelvic cavity).
Ventral(Anterior)
Back side of the body and contains the Cranial and Spinal Cavity.
Dorsal(Posterior) Cavity
The stomach is _______ to the spine
Ventral(Anterior)
The spine is ______ to the stomach
Dorsal(Posterior)
Away from the midline of the body
Lateral
Toward the midline of the body.
Medial
The eyes are _____ to the nose
Lateral
The nose is located ____ to the ears
Medial
Away from the midline of the body Vs Toward the midline of the body
Lateral Vs Medial
Upper or above
Superior
Lower or below
Inferior
The heart is _____ to the diaphragm
Superior
The stomach is ______ to the diaphragm
Inferior
Upper or above Vs Lower or below
Superior Vs Inferior
Closest to the point of origin or trunk of the body; closest to the trunk
Proximal
Away from a reference point(extremity); or away from the trunk
Distal
The Shoulder is _____ to the hand
Proximal
The toes are ______ to the knee
Distal
Closest to the point of origin or trunk of the body Vs Away from a reference point(extremity)
Proximal Vs Distal
Furtherest from the body's surface
Deep
Towards the body's surface
Superficial
The skeletal muscles are _____ to the skin
Deep
The skin is a ______ organ of the body
Superficial
Furtherest from the body's surface Vs Towards the body's surface
Deep Vs Superficial
Used relative to each other and tells us where some structure is located in relation to another structure
Anatomical Directional Terms
List the three planes(sections) of the body
Coronal, Transverse, Sagittal planes
A vertical cut that divides the body into front and back
Coronal(frontal) Plane
A horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower sections
Transverse Plane
A plane passed through the body so that the body is sectioned lengthwise(longitudinally) into equal right and left parts.
Sagittal Plane
A section in the body that passes through the midline of the body
midsagittal
A section or cut in the body that is off to one side of the midline
Parasagittal
The organs of the body are contained within two main cavities within the body
Dorsal and Ventral Cavity
Is divided into two major subdivision cavities called the Cranial and Spinal Cavity
Dorsal Cavity
Is divided into two major subdivision cavities called the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity
Ventral Cavity
Separates the thoracic Cavity from the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Diaphragm
The thoracic cavity contains two separate cavities
Pleural Cavity and Pericardial Cavity
The ____ surrounds the lungs
Pleural
The ______ surrounds the Heart
Pericardial
Mediastinum, Pleural Cavity, and Pericardial cavity's are in what major cavity
Thoracic Cavity
The Abdominal and Pelvic cavity's are in what major cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The Pericardium membrane, and Pleura membranes are in what major cavity
Thoracic Cavity
The Peritoneum membrane is in what major cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Is surrounded by the ribs and muscles in the chest
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the pericardial cavity which encloses the heart and also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea and others)
mediastinum
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane called the _______?
serosa (serous membrane)
Part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
Parietal serosa
Is the inside or folded in part of the parietal serosa that covers the organs in the cavity
Visceral serosa
fluid within the potential space between the two membranes that is secreted by both membranes
serous fluid
Membrane that lines the pericardial cavity
Parietal Pericardium
membrane that lies directly on the heart
Visceral Pericardium
Membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
Membrane that lies directly on the lungs
Visceral Pleura
Membrane that lies directly on the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral Peritoneum
Membrane that covers the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Brain is in the ____ cavity
Cranial Cavity
Lungs and heart are in ____ cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, stomach, pancreas, Large Intestine, Small Intestine and bladder are in ____ cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
What is the plane sectioning of the brain
Sagittal Plane
What plane or sectioning of the Spinal Cord
Transverse/horizontal Plane
The Kidney could be sectioned into what plane to get a front and back section
Coronal/Frontal Plane
The Heart is in the _____ cavity surrounded by the _____ membrane
Thoracic Cavity, Pericardium membrane
The kidney's are located in the _____ cavity surrounded by the _______ membrane
Abdominopelvic Cavity, Peritoneum membrane
The Lungs are located in the _____ cavity surrounded by the _____ membrane
Thoracic Cavity, Pleura membrane
The Liver is located in the ______ cavity surrounded by the ______ membrane
Abdominal Cavity, Peritoneum membrane
The bladder is located in the ______ cavity surrounded by the _______ membrane
Pelvic Cavity, parietal peritoneum membrane
What structure is the yellow organ in this picutre?
Adrenal Gland
What is one function of the adrenal gland?
makes epinepherine
What is the organ numbered 12 in this picture?
Kidney
What is one function of the kidney?
makes urine
What is the organ numbered 13 in this picture
Ureter
What is a function of the ureter?
takes urine from the kidney to the bladder
What is the large blue tube in this picture?
Inferior Vena Cava
What is the function of the Inferior Vena Cava?
Carries deoxygenated blood from lower half of the body to the heart
What is the large red tube in this picture?
Aorta
What is the function of the Aorta?
Largest artery in the body that carries oxygen rich blood from the heart to the organs of the body
What is the organ labeled 14 in this picture?
Bladder
What is one function of the bladder?
holds urine
What is the organ labeled 11 in this picture?
Rectum
What is one function of the rectum?
hold intestines shut until the need to pass the feces arise
What is the organ labeled 9 on the back of the small intestines in this picture called?
pancreas
What is one function of the pancreas?
makes insulin
What is the large grey organ labeled 10 in this picture called?
Large Intestine
What is one function of the Large intestine?
waste removal
What are the two brown bean like organs labeled 12 in this picture called?
kidneys
What are the two yellow like organs in this picture that sit on top of the kidneys called?
adrenal glands
What is the green like organ labeled 6 in this picture called?
gallbladder
What is one function of the gallbladder?
stores bile
What is the organ labeled 7 in this picture called?
Stomach
What is one function of the stomach?
breaks down proteins
What is the organ labeled 3 in this picture called?
Diaphragm
What is one function of the diaphragm?
smooth muscle that separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity from each other
What is the organ labeled 5 in this picture called?
spleen
What is one function of the spleen?
filtering system
What is the organ labeled 2 in this picture called?
heart
What is one function of the heart?
major pump in the body. It pumps oxygenated blood to the other organs in the body
What is the organ labeled 1 in this picture?
Lung
What is one function of the lungs?
breathing in Oxygen exhaling Carbon dioxide
What is the organ labeled 4 in this picture?
Liver
What is one function of the liver?
produces bile
What is the organ labeled 15 in this picture?
Brain
What is one function of the brain?
the control center for all organs in the body
What is one function of the small intestine?
nutrients breakdown and absorption
Where are the spleen, stomach and pancreas located in the abdominal cavity?
left upper quadrant
Where are the liver and gallbladder located in the abdominal cavity?
Right upper quadrant
What type of equilibrium detects the position of the head and the body when they are not moving?
Static equilibrium
What type of equilibrium is concerned with the position of the head and body when it is moving?
Dynamic equilibrium
What are the receptors for this sense of dynamic equilibrium?
Semicircular canals
What is composed of hair like cells that pick up vibrations and pass them to the nerve endings of the vesticulocochlear nerves?
Organ of Corti
What is the function of the ear?
Hearing and detection of two types of equilibrium
What are the structures of the outer(external) ear?
Pinna, External auditory(meatus) canal, and the tympanic membrane
What has a flap of skin and elastic cartilage, that attaches to the head, laterally
Pinna
What is the function of the Pinna?
Collects and directs sound waves
What has a tunnel through the temporal bone?
External auditory(meatus)(canal)
What is the function of the external auditory canal?
Conducts sound waves
What part of the ear has a thin membrane of fibrous connective tissue?
Tympanic membrane(eardrum)
What is the function of the tympanic membrane(eardrum)?
Vibrates in response to sound waves striking it
What are the structures of the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity, Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Oval window, round window and Eustachian tube opening
What is the cavity in the middle ear called?
Tympanic cavity
What is the function of the tympanic cavity?
It is filled with air
What is the first of the three auditory ossicles called?
Malleus
What does the malleus do?
It attaches to the tympanic membrane at one end and conducts vibration from it to the incus
What is the second of the auditory ossicles called?
Incus
What does the Incus do?
It vibrates and transmits the vibrations to the stapes
What is the third auditory ossicle called?
Stapes
What does the Stapes do?
It carries vibrations to the oval window
What membrane covered opening in the bony wall between the middle is between the middle and the inner ear?
Oval Window
What does the oval window do?
It moves in and out responding to the vibrations of the stapes. This causes pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea
What membrane covered opening is located below the oval window?
Round window
What does the round window do?
It bulges outward as the oval window bulges inward there-by releasing pressure
What is located on the anterior wall of the middle ear and leads into the Eustachian tube connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
Eustachian tube opening
What does the Eustachian tube opening do?
It equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside
What are the structures of the Internal(inner) ear?
Osseous labyrinth, Cochlea, Semicircular canal, and vestibule
What is the hollow system of bony canal located in the petrous part of the temporal bone?
Osseous labyrinth
What is inside the Osseous labyrinth?
It has three major parts, each lined with fluid-filled canals, the membraneous labyrinth
What has a bony canal resembling a snail shell; membranous laybrinth, the cochlear duct, and contains the organ of the Corti?
Cochlea
What does the Organ of Corti do in the Cochlea?
membrane of the cochlea containing hair cells that transmit sound vibrations to the nerve fibers
What does the Cochlea do?
Generates the nerve impulses for hearing
What is located between the chochlea and the semicircular canals?
Vestibule
What does the Vestibule do?
It's membranous tubes, the utricle and the saccule, are responsible for static equilibrium
What cranial nerve division is the Vestibule part of?
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Where does the lacrimal gland terminate?
Nasal cavity
What are the extrinsic eye muscles called?
Superior rectus, Inferior rectus, Lateral rectus, Medial rectus, superior oblique, Inferior oblique
What do the rods and cones do in your eyes?
When they are stimulated they send impulses that travel by way of the optic nerve to the brain, where the impulses are interpreted as an image
What do the rods do?
provide dim vision
What do cones do?
Provide sharp vision and color
What does the lacrimal gland do?
Produces tears, which keep the eyes moist and dust free
Which eye muscle is located on the superior, central part of the eyeball and rotates the eyeball upward?
Superior Rectus
Which cranial nerve is responsible for rotating the eyeball upward?
IV Trochlear
Which eye muscle is located on the inferior, central part of the eyeball and rotates the eyeball downward?
Inferior Rectus
Which cranial nerve is responsible for rotating the eyeball downward?
VII Abducens
Which eye muscle is located on the medial side of the eyeball and rotates the eyeball medially?
Medial rectus
Which cranial nerve is responsible for rotating the eyeball laterally?
III Oculomotor
What eye muscle is located on the lateral side of the eyeball and rotates the eyeball laterally?
Lateral rectus
Which cranial nerve rotates the eyeball laterally?
III Oculomotor
What eye muscle is located between the superior and lateral reci; loops through a cartilaginous ring and rotates the eyeball downward laterally?
Superior Oblique
What cranial nerve rotates the eyeball downward laterally?
III Oculomotor
What eye muscle is located between the inferior and lateral recti; and rotates the eyeball upward laterally?
Inferior Oblique
What cranial nerve allows rotation of the eyeball upward laterally?
III Oculomotor
What are the structures of the external Anatomy of the Human Eye?
Sclera, Cornea, Conjunctiva, Optic nerve
What part of the eye has a white, thick outer covering made of tough dura mater?
Sclera
What does the Sclera do?
Protects and shapes the eye
What part of the eye is a transparent, anterior part of the sclera?
Cornea
What does the Cornea do?
Allows light to reach the retina; and some light refraction(bending)
What part of the eye has a thin mucous membrane covering anterior surface of the eye?
Conjunctiva
What does the Conjunctiva do?
Secretes mucus to lubricate the eyeball
What part of the eye is located posteriorly and medially and is part of the external anatomy of the eye?
Optic nerve
What does the Optic nerve do?
Takes sensory impulses to the brain
What are the internal Cavities of the Eye?
Anterior cavity, Posterior cavity
Which cavity in the eye has two chambers and is the space anterior to the lens?
Anterior cavity
What does the Anterior Cavity do in the eye?
Contains aqueous humor; which nurish the lens and cornea; Also helps with the shape
Where is the anterior chamber in the anterior cavity?
Space from the cornea to iris
Where is the posterior chamber in the anterior cavity?
Space from the iris to the lens
Which cavity in the eye is the space between the lens and retina?
Posterior cavity
What does the Posterior cavity do?
Contains the vitreous humor; presses retina against choroid; also helps shape the eyeball
What does the Aqueous humor look like?
Thin, clear, watery fluid
What does the Vitreous humor look like?
Thick, jelly like fluid
What are the Structures in the Internal anatomy of the eye?
Iris, Pupil, Choroid, Ciliary body, Suspensory Ligament, Lens, Retina, Optic disc
Which structure in the eye is the single point of attachment of retina to optic nerve?
Optic disc *blind spot*
What is the function of the optic disc
No photoreceptors here
What structure is the innermost layer of the eye in the posterior cavity; and contains the rod and cones?
Retina
What is he function of the Retina?
Initiates and conducts nerve impulses
What structure is a spherical, clear structure?
Lens
What is the function of the lens?
Main light refracting structure
What structure connects to the ciliary body?
Suspensory ligament
What is the function of the Suspensory ligament?
Suspends the lens
What structure in the eye is part of the choroid in area where cornea and sclera meet, seen as radiating folds behind the iris mostly smooth muscle?
Ciliary body
What is the function of the Ciliary body?
Suspensory ligament attach here; changes shape of lens; secretes aqueous humor
What structure in the eye is the middle layer of the eye, posterior part is pigmented and very vascular?
Choroid
What is the function of Choroid?
Provides blood supply; absorbs reflected light
What structure has ciruclar muscles and radial muscles and is the hole in the center of the Iris?
Pupil
What is the function of the Pupil?
Allows light into the eye by constriction and dialation
What structure of the eye is the colored part of the eye; sheets of smooth muscles arranged circularly and radially?
Iris
What is the function of the Iris?
Regulates amount of eye light entering the eye
What is the clear disc in this picture?
Lens
What is the brown folds in this picture
Ciliary body
What is the clear outer covering in this picture?
Outer part is the Sclera and the inner side of this is the Cornea
What is the thick jelly substance in this eye?
Vitreous Humor
What is the delicate white coating mixed in with the vitreous humor?
Retina
What is the silvery-blue pigmented substance on the back of the eye?
Tapetum Lucidum
Where in the human eye would you find the Tapetum Lucidum?
No where it is not found in humans
What is 4 labeled in this picture?
Frontal bone
What is 2 labeled in this picture?
Maxilla bone
What is 3 labeled in this picture?
Nasal bone
What is 1 labeled in this picture?
Zygomatic bone
What is 8 labeled in this picture?
Extrinsic eye muscle
What is 10 labeled in this picture?
Sclera
What is 11 labeled in this picture?
Cornea
What is 12 labeled in this picture?
Iris
What is 13 labeled in this picture?
Pupil
What is 6 labeled in this picture?
Lacrimal gland
What is 5 labeled in this picture?
Lacrimal bone
What is 15 labeled in this picture?
Ciliary body
What is 16 labeled in this picture?
Choroid
What is 1 labeled in this picture?
Pinna
What is Big A labeled in this picture?
External Auditory Meatus(canal)
What is Big B labeled in this picture?
Middle ear cavity
What is C labeled in this picture?
Inner ear
What is 14 labeled in this picture?
Oval window
What is 3 labeled in this picture?
Tympanic membrane
What is 7 labeled in this picture?
Eustachian Tube
What is a labeled in this picture?
Malleus
What is b labeled in this picture?
Incus
What is c labeled in this picture?
Stapes
What is 13 in this picture?
Oval window
What is 14 in this picture?
Round window
What is 18 in this picture?
Cochlea
What is 19 in this picture?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
What is 12 in this picture?
Vestibule
What are the three ringed canals labeled 15-17 in this picture?
Semicircular canal
Which Ossicle bone is in this picture?
Incus
Which ossicle bone is in this picture?
Malleous
Which ossicle bone is in this picture?
Stapes
What is to the left of the pointer in this picture?
Hyaline cartilage
What is to the right of the pointer in this picture?
Developing spongy bone
What are the green arrows pointing to in this picture?
Epiphesial plate
What is at the end of this pointer?
Central canal(Haversian canal)
What is this a picture of?
Bone tissue
What kind of canal runs vertical?
Central canal(Haversian)
What kind of canal runs horizontal?
Perforating canal(Volkmann's)
What is found in the lacuna?
Osteocytes
What is the red in the wholes on this picture?
Osteocytes
What are the osteocytes sitting in?
Lacuna's
What is composed of bone tissue, connective tissue, and has channels through which course blood vessels,lymphatics and nerves?
Bone
What are the small canals, that radiate from the lacuna and contain processes from the osteocytes?
Canaliculi
The bony matrix laid down in concentric rings is called what?
Lamellae
What kind of bone has many features of compact bone but is not organized in the orderly arrangement of osteons?
Spongey bone
What kind of bone marrow is in the middle of the Diaphysis?
Yellow bone marrow
What kind of bone marrow is in the middle of the epiphysis?
Red bone marrow
What is the blue bone in this picture?
Frontal
What is the green bone in this picture?
Parietal
What suture separates the blue and green bone in this picture?
Coronal
What suture separates the two green bones in this picture?
Sagittal
What is the purple bone in this picture?
Occipital
What suture separates the green bone from the purple bone in this picture?
Lambdoidal
What suture separates the green bone from the pink bone in this picture?
Squamosal
What is the pink bone in this picture?
Temporal
What is the orange bone in this picture?
Zygomatic
What is the yellow bone in this picture?
Sphenoid
What is the light blue bone in this picture?
Maxilla
What is the white bone in this picture?
Mandible
What is at the end of the pointer in this picture?
Arrector pillae
What is at the end of the pointer in this picture?
Sebaceous gland
What is at the end of the pointer in this picture?
Papillae bulb root