types of aging
- chronological= # of years lived
- biological= based on physical changes that have impact on body's performance
- psychological= based on changed in personality, cognitive ability, and perception
- social=based on changes in relationships with family, friends, systems, organizations
fluid vs crystallized intelligence
- fluid= reasoning, problem solving, abstract things. Tends to decline with age
- crystallized= knowledge based on skills, learning, experience. Tends to stay stable with age
disengagement theory
- states it is natural for older adults to withdrawal from their social systems and to reduce interactions with others
- highly criticized theory and is incompatible with other well known aging theories
activity theory
- states that social activity severs as a buffer to aging; successful aging occurs among those who maintain their social connections and activity levels
continuity theory
- proposes with age, individuals attempt to maintain activities and relationships that were typical for them as younger adults
Social clock theory
- proposed by Neugarten
- each society has a social clock: an understood expectation for when certain life events should happen
- when you don't adhere to this timeframe, experience stress, sense of disappointing others, or the experiencing of an interning clock ticking/ time is running out
bullying
intentional, unwanted, aggressive bx that is repetitive in relationships in which there is a perceived power differential
screening tools for panic
- mental health inventory
- panic dx self report scale
most effective tx for panic
cbt
facts to know re financial issues
- studies show that people with financial debt are 3x more likely to experience issues with mental health
- poverty is often the foundation of a number of other socioeconomic and health problems faced by individuals, families, and communities
- children who live/grow up in poverty are prone to traumatic and catastrophic health risk factors (ACES)
gender identity
- subjective term that describes how people identify their internal sense of self
- can be different than sex assigned at birth
- usually established by the age of 4 but may happen later or earlier in life
gender fluid vs nonbinary vs gender queer
- fluid= clients who do not conform to a specific gender
- nonbinary= nonexclusive identification of a gender
- queer= identify as neither male, nor female, both, or a combination of gender
types of grief
- instrumental grieving= more cognitive and focuses on managing emotional reactions and problem solving. more thinking than feeling
- intuitive grieving= more feeling than thinking. more feminine way of grieving and focuses on expressing feelings, sharing, and processing emotions
Kubler-Ross's stages of grief
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
depression in older adults
- may present a little different
- includes confusion, changes in weight/ appetite, physical aches and pains, irritability, trouble sleeping, SI
screening tools for depression
- BDI
- Beck Hopelessness scale
- hamilton depression rating scale
- children repression inventory (BDI modified for children)
best interventions for depression/ hopelessness
- cbt
- interpersonal therapy
- interventions includes: brainstorming, problem solving, building resilience
bonding vs attaching
- bonding= happens within the first hours or days after birth. typically refers to the mother's initial connection to the baby
- attachment=refers to a more gradual development of the relationship between child and caregiver
Attachment theory
- based on belief that people have the desire to form interpersonal relationships, feel safe, and engage with others
attachment styles
- anxious= when interpersonal relationship is disrupted; experience distress, grief, loss. sees world as unfriendly and hostile
- avoidant= detached relationship in which child does not seek caregiver when distressed
- ambivalent= shows inconsistency towards caregiver
- secure= appropriate attachment to adult. promotes lifelong emotional and social success
interventions for intellectual disabilites
- behavioral therapy
- IEPs
- talk therapy
- build trust, use concrete communication, and simple language
interventions for sleep issues
- focus on changing bxs, develop relaxation skills, establish sleep goals
- sleep diaries, sleep hygiene, dark therapy (limiting light sources)
eating dx screening tools
- SCOFF (sick, control, one, fat, food)
- body attitudes questionnaire
- eating dx inventory
eating dx interventions
- behavioral therapy
- group therapy for support
remarriage/recommitment stages
- follows the stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) plus a final stage of rebuilding
- counseling should include the new partner
Obsessive compulsive PD vs OCD
- PD= overwhelming need to follow strict set of rules, moral codes, fixed routines
- OCD= pattern of unwanted thoughts followed by repetitive compulsion, and intense need to carry out the compulsion
OCD interventions
- exposure and response prevention= goal is to be confronted with the obsession and refrain from performing the compulsive bx
- CBT= goal is to recognize unrealistic thoughts and become desensitized to the obsession
- develop coping skills to deal with anxiety caused by the obsession
interventions for anxiety
- cbt= works by retraining how clients think via exposure
- biofeedback= helps clients understand the physical reaction to anxiety and become aware of how their bodies respond to triggers
- introduce good self care habits
Trauma reactions
- foreshortened future= sense that one's life is shorted or forever altered and a normal life may never be experienced again
- emotional= fear, sadness, shame, anger, guilt, anxiety
- physical= many somatic issues like GI issues, neurological issues, poor sleep
- hyperarousal= hypervigilance
- intrusive thoughts=unwanted thoughts and memories of the trauma
- trigger/flashbacks= triggers that cause flashbacks/ reminders of trauma
- dissociations=coping skills but severs connections to harmful memories
- self-harm= distraction from emotional pain
- substance use= mediate unpleasant symptoms or memories
behavioral process addictions
- compulsive activities performed to satisfy an impulse
- perform these activities despite the possible consequences
- eg. gambling addiction, sex urges, hoarding, etc
interventions for bx process addictionsq
- cbt
- support groups
- 12 step programs
- goal: establish adaptive skills and impulse control
discrimination
- unfair or unequal treatment of a person or group based upon a characteristic like race, ethnicity, religion, age, sex, etc
- Two types
- direct= discriminations based on characteristics (observable)
- indirect= situations where a policy applied the same to everyone, but a person or a group of people are negatively impacted due to certain characteristics
- harassment= unwanted bullying or humiliation intention directed to a person of a minority status
secondary victimization
refers to the unfair treatment received when a person reports discrimination and is not supported by the authorities
spirituality vs religion
- spirituality= sense of connection to the universe, nature, or a higher power that may not be directly identified
- religion= individual who share a common faith and practice a particular set of beliefs
rumination
- persistently focusing on a situation or a thought process
screening for reumination
- the ruminative response scale
interventions for rumination
- CBT=developing new ways of thinking and targets issues that are causing the intrusive thoughts
- Functioning analysis= component of cbt; aims to ID the problematic thinking and change bx that exacerbate the habitual thought
attachment screening/testing
- strange situation test
attachment issues intervention
- behavioral therapy, with systematic desensitization and flooding
interventions for sexual dysfunctions
- counseling to focus on underlying cause of sexual dysfunction (physical cause like heart disease or psychological cause like trauma?)
- depth therapy= focuses on unconscious feelings and aims to change unhealthy coping bx
existential crisis
client who experience doubts about their place in life and develop an internal conflict
interventions for spiritual/religious
- pastoral counseling= realm of practice with education on theology and can help clients discover their own spirituality
Models of addiction
- moral model= addict viewed as sinner or criminal and doe snot have the fortitude to change negative bx
- disease model=addict suffers from an illness and will never be cured and is progressive in its development
- biopsychosocial model= cultural and social factors influence the beliefs and attitudes re substance use
- learning theory= based on concepts of positive reinforcement. addiction is learned thru classical + operant conditioning and social learning
- genetic model= biological children of parents with addiction are more prone to addiction than children of non addicted parents
signs of depressant use
- sense of euphoria
- decreased coordination
- stagger/ unsteady gait
- speech impairment
- judgment impairment
- memory impairment
- disinhibited bx
- mental confusion
signs of stimulant use
- increased energy/ hyperactivity
- sense of euphoria
- increased heart rate
- decreased need for sleep
- anxiety
- agitation
- paranoia
- psychosis
signs of hallucinogen use
- sense of euphoria, wellbeing, or relaxation
- hallucinations
- distorted perceptions of self, body, time, or space
- increased heart rate and blood pressure
- numbness
- anxiety, sometimes leading to panic
screenings for suicide
- columbia suicide severity rating scale
- beck scale for SI
- suicide assessment checklist
self concept vx self esteem
- self concept= beliefs one hold about oneself
- self esteem= how one feels about one's self concept
sexually reactive
- refers to an individual who was exposed to sexual stimuli prior to being sexually mature enough to understand the implications
- child generally becomes overly preoccupied with sexual matters and often acts out what they witnessed or experienced
types of communication
- assertive= clear, honest, and direct statements that positively express thoughts and feelings
- aggressive= expressing feelings with a clear disregard for the other's feelings
- passive= rarely voice their feelings or opinions and may become overwhelmed by other's decisions
- passive- aggressive= unclear or confusing statements that may lead to internal frustration and resentment
parenting styles
- authoritarian= reinforced role of parent as controller and decision maker. children rarely given input into decisions impacting their lives
- authoritative= allows for a greater sense of democracy in which children are given some degree of input into issues that impact their lives
- permissive= allows children to be more expressive and freer with both feelings and actions; very few rules or consequences
- uninvolved= often happens in dysfunctional families in which parents are emotionally or physically unavailable.
The DSM-5-TR Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure
provide the most comprehensive evaluation of the client's distress as it explores symptoms of depression and anxiety in addition to several other mental health domains. It also determines the severity of those symptoms.
Regression
defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to behavior from an earlier stage of development in order to cope with stressful situations
Cognitive restructuring
CBT technique that instructs clients to examine their thoughts by looking for distortions to achieve more balanced thinking.
Individuals' thoughts influence their emotions which then affect their mood and behavior.
Black-and-white thinking
she views her situation as either all or nothing
tendency to think of her situation in extremes and how this is likely making it difficult for her to find a healthy resolution.
school based mental health counselor info
- There is a difference between progress notes and psychotherapy notes. Progress notes are eligible for viewing by the school psychologist, teachers, principals, and parents (if the client is under age 18). Psychotherapy notes are not released to any public figure; these are the therapist's confidential notes and interpretations which are not necessarily included in the client's progress notes
- Except for the usual exceptions of abuse and self-harm, therapy sessions follow rules of confidentiality.
- Even though you are an employee of the school, your psychotherapy notes are confidential. Your final report is part of the student's record.
Auditory Continuous Performance Test
determines ADD/ADHD by assessing auditory attention deficit.
in partial remission specifier in adhd
Full criteria for the disorder has not been met for 6 months but functional impairment still exists
Paroxetine (Paxil)
is an antidepressant used to treat various mental health conditions in adults, including depression, anxiety, and panic disorder.
What is most important when assembling a team to help the client?
Ensuring necessary medical care while preventing self-harm
Variable ratio intermittent reinforcement
- most effective schedule to reinforce a behavior.
- This kind of schedule results in high, steady rates of responding. Clients are persistent in responding because of the hope that the next response might be one needed to receive reinforcement.
Paresthesia
abnormal skin sensation characterized by tingling, burning, pricking, itching, or numbness. It commonly affects the hands and feet but can occur anywhere on the body.
can be present in panic attacks