Adam Smith
Father of the "Laissez Faire"
Airplane
What did the Wright Brothers invent and design?
Alexander Graham Bell
Who invented the telephone?
Alfred Nobel
Who created dynamite?
Alice Paul
Fought for a constitutional amendment for women's suffrage
Andrew Carnegie
Built a steel plant by using the Bessemer process
Assembly Line
New method of production where workers do a small piece of the complete project
Bessemer Process
The making of steel from iron
Big business
Refers to an establishment run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods/services on a large scale
Capital
money used to invest in enterprises
Capitalism
Economic system based on private ownership of business and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make and keep a profit
Charles Darwin
- Said natural forces "selected" (natural selection)
- "Survival of the fittest"
- species competed to survive
Communism
Radical form of socialism in which government controls all
Communist Manifesto
Pamphlet that Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote which held all of their communist ideas
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Shipping and railroad tycoon
- reputation for being fiercely competitive and ruthless
Closed Shop
Everyone strikes together closing the shop so the owner makes no money
Coal
New energy source used to power the steam engine
Collective Bargaining
Everyone working together to negotiate a deal with the boss, may lead to a strike
Cotton Gin
Separated seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate
Dynamite
A safer explosive
Dynamo
A machine that generates electricity
Eli Whiney
Created the Cotton Gin
Enclosure movement
Process of wealthy landowners taking over and combining lands formerly shared by peasant farmers
Entrepreneur
People who start new businesses and run the risk of losing their capital (money) if business fails
Florence Nightingale
Introduced better hygiene and sanitary measures in hospitals
Flying Shuttle
- hand operated
- wove cloth more quickly
- mechanized, allowing for automatic machine looms
Germ Theory
Clearly showed the link between microbes and disease
Gospel of Wealth
Wealthy Americans had the responsibility to donate money to further social progress, also believed the wealthy should also have a higher tax burden
Guglielmo Marconi
Created the first radio
Henry Bessemer
British engineer who made a new process for making steel from iron
Henry Ford
Created the Model T car
Hull House
First settlement house run by Jane Addams which helped the poor and immigrants improve their lives
Impressionism
People tried to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer's eye
Industrial Revolution
A dramatic change in organized economic activity
Interchangeable parts
Identical parts that could be used in place of another
J.P. Morgan
Banker of the rich - banking tycoon
James Watt
Invented the Steam Engine
Jane Addams
Ran the first Hull House in Chicago, Illinois
Jethro Tull
Created the Seed Drill
John D. Rockefeller
- owned 90% of the oil industry
- first billionaire
Joseph Lister
Discovered how antiseptics prevent infection
Karl Marx
Felt capitalism created prosperity for the few and poverty for the many
- Wrote the Communist Manifesto w/ Engels
Labor Union
Organized workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions
Lightbulb
Created by Thomas Edison
- factories could continue to work at night
Louis Pasteur
Developed vaccines and discovered a process called pasteurization
-Germ theory
Mechanical Reaper
A mechanical semi-automated device that harvested crops that was developed by Cyrus McCormick
Michael Faraday
Created the first Dynamo
Model T Car
The first automobile that was affordable to the average person due to the assembly line, created by Henry Ford
Monopoly
When one company controls all the businesses of an industry
Morse Code
Allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines, created by Samuel Morse
Natural Selection
"Survival of the fittest"
When natural forces "select" those who are more adapted to an environment
"Old Money"
Inherited wealth, or when families have had money for three or more generations
"New Money"
Money acquired in a persons lifetime or generation, also emphasizes ideas that an individual was previously part of a lower socioeconomic rank
Pasteurization
Process that killed disease carrying microbes in milk
Phonograph
Recorded and played back sound, created by Thomas Edison
Proletariat
The working class in the new industrial society
Putting-Out system
An at home cloth industry
Radio
Allowed for wireless communication over long distances, created by Guglielmo Marconi
Robber Barons
Person who has become rich through ruthless and immoral business practices
Samuel Morse
Invented the telegraph (and Morse Code)
Seed Drill
Machine that deposited seeds in rows to maximize land use, created by Jethro Tull
Social Darwinism
Applied "survival of the fittest" to society in which people compete for success
Used to explain poverty and to justify class distinctions and also racism
Socialism
System in which society as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and big businesses
Social Gospel Movement
Religious reformers strove to improve conditions in the cities according to the biblical ideas of charity and justice
Social Mobility
The ability of individuals or groups to move up the social scale
Sojourner Truth
African American suffragist who helped to fight for women's right to vote
*born into slavery and became free
Spinning Jenny
Machine that spun many threads at the same time, invented by James Hargreaves
Steam Engine
Machine used to power other machines then later steamships and locomotives
Susan B. Anthony
Woman who focused on trying to change voting laws state by state
Telegraph
Machine that sent coded messages in a short amount of time over wires by means of electricity
Temperance Movement
Campaign to limit or ban the consumption of alcoholic beverages
Tenements
Multistory buildings divided into apartments where the working class lived which had horrible conitions
Textiles
Britain's largest industry
Thomas Edison
Invented the first electric lightbulb and the phonograph
Utilitarianism
The idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number"
Urbanization
People moving from rural to urban areas, or country to city
Women's Suffrage Movement
Women's movement for the right to vote
Wright Brothers
Invented, designed, and flew the first successful airplane, ushered in a new air age
19th Amendment
The amendment that gave women the right to vote