Fungi have a gene that produces
cellulase; which breaks down cellulose
algae is responsible for
most of the earths oxygen, most photosynthesis comes from algae
Apicomplexa
plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae
cause agent of malaria
responsible for about 100-300,000 cases of infection yearly worldwide
which group of fungi have been discovered
only the most common fungi have been discovered.
how many of the discovered fungi affect humans?
300 of the fungi affect humans
Many of the fungi can affect humans via
-the lungs, the most virulent, coccidiosis immitis
- the skin, affects the skin of humans, sp. dermatoses
Fungi can reproduce through
spores
Cellulose is the
most abundant; it is found in plants
Fungi are
saccrobes
Penicillium
produces penicillin, in soil, can be found everywhere
cephalosporium devemonium
fungus that has been isolated from seawater, isolated in 1940s
fungi can
break down the cell wall
Histoplasma
produces load infection in lungs; occurs in dry states; can come from bird poop
some species of penicillum can
produce cheese
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
makes beer
yeast
makes bread
the estimate species of fungi are
1,500,000
only ______ have been described
300,000
only __________ have been described
100,000
Fungi can grow
cottony, velvety, soft
All fungi under the microscope look like
filaments and fibers
Filaments can have septa (be separated) which means
they only have one nucleus per section; separated by walls
Filaments can also be continuous (non-seperated)
they are multinucleated
some species of fungi look like cell shaped they're called
yeast
Yeasts reproduce by
budding (mitosis)
fungal rot
will show mold
bacterial rot
soft rot
All fungi produce spores except
yeast
Fungi can be
male and female
male spores and female spores form a
zygote
Some fungi have an
asexual and sexual phase
Sex is in all microbes except
viruses
sporangium
is an enclosure in which spores are formed
asexual
reproduce with the same genes
some microbes identify as both
male and female
Sexual reproduction
combination of genes
When a piece of a plant is planted, what occurs?
the traits of the plant will remain identical compared to growing the seed of the plant which will appear different.
Eukaryotic cells
- appeared 2 million years ago
-derived from bacteria
Endosymbiosis
-proposed by lynn margulis
- theory that large bacteria engulfed smaller bacteria, in which the smaller one becomes a resident. The smaller bacteria eventually became the mitochondria.
-in plants those bacteria became chloroplasts which also have their own DNA
Mitochondrial DNA does not have
introns (similar to bacteria)
Cyanobacteria
-carries out photosynthesis
Types of conidia
arthrospores, chlaydiospores, blastospores, phialospores, porospore
Sporangiospores
are sacs from stalks called sporangium/sporangia
Conidia come from?
conidiospores, the most common asexual spores in nature
arthrospores
Rectangular spores
chyamdiospores
spherical
blastospores
by budding
phialospores
vase shaped spores
porospore
grows out through small pores in the spore bearing cell
Types of sexual spores are
zygospores, basidiospores
Zygomycota
Sexual spores: zygospores
Asexual spores: sporangiospores and conidia
Most species are free-living saprobes
Pathogens in humans, animals, and plants
Rhizopus, Mucor
Ascomycota
Sexual spores: produce ascospores in asci
Asexual spores: conidia
Most are molds or yeasts
Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Pneumocystis, Candida, Histoplasma, Microsporum, Stachybotrys and Cladosporium
basidiomycota
Sexual reproduction by basidia
Asexual spores (conidia)
Plant parasites and one human pathogen (Cryptococcus neoformans)
chytridomycota
Unusual and primitive fungi
Single cells to clusters and colonies
Do not form hyphae or yeast-type cell
Flagelated spores (zoospores) and gamete
Not pathogens of humans but destroys frogs
Deuteromycota
Only asexual spores – conidia
Yeasts, molds, some dimorphic
Saprobes
Human pathogens: Blastomyces, Microsporum and Coccidioides immitis
Fungi do NOT go through
photosynthesis
One fungi can reproduce
many ways
All organisms are classified by
ribosomal RNA
Fungi grows on
acid media; low pH up to 5
Sabouraud agar ; pH is low which inhibits bacteria
Which fungi grows in silos
aspergillus flavus; the silos keep the grains at low humidity, when it is high, it can affect the grains
Stachybotrys chartarum
spores and toxins, when inhaled, can cause many syndromes
such as sick building syndrome, which mainly affects children
fungi can be attacked by
viruses
Clariceps purpurea
have nodules that contain LSD
Huitlacoche
is made from fungus; makes black tortilla
Candida
occurs when the balance of fungi and bacteria is disturbed by excess bacteria in the vagina.
pustules of candida are called albicans
Trichophyton rubrum/ onychomatosis
a fungus found in nails; is contagious
Protista
includes protozoa and algae
fungi, algae, and protozoa are
eukaryotic cells, and have organelles, have nuclear membrane
unicellular organism are
fungi and protozoa
multicellular organism are
algae
Algae are
microscopic, different shapes with symmetry, go thrrough photosynthesis, aquatic
Dinoflagellates
Unicellular, dual flagella
Cell wall with cellulose or atypical cell walls
Chlorophyll, carotenoids
Bloom is a periodic increase in algal population
Gymnodinium breve causes ‘red tide’ when it blooms
euglenoid / pyrrophyta
Unicellular and flagellated
A pellicle replaces cell wal
Move and feed using flagellu
Have chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthophyll
Diatoms / chrysophyta
Unicellular, filamentous forms, unusual form of motility
Cell wall with silicon dioxide
Chlorophyll and fucoxanthin
Major component of plankton
Diatoms store oil
Much of the world's petroleum was formed from diatoms that lived over 300 million years ago
Brown algae / phaeophyta
Multicellular with vascular system
Macroscopic and up to 50 m length!
Walls with cellulose and alginic acid
Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and fucoxanthin
Source of emulsifiers, alginat
Phenomenal growth rates (20 cm/day)
Red algae / rhodophyta
Multicellular
Cell walls with cellulose
Chlorophyll, carotenoids, xantophyll, and phycobilin
Have a delicately branched thalli
Thalli form crustlike coatings on rocks and shells
Red pigment absorb blue light
Source of agar and carrageenan (food additive)
Found deeper in ocean waters (200 m)
green algae / chlorophyta
Unicellular, colonial filamentous, and multicellular organisms
Cellulose
Chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoids, and xanthophylls
Store starch
Precursor of higher plant
Some filamentous kinds form the grass-green scum in ponds
gymnodium breve
produces the red tide
occurs when "bloom" which is an increase in algal populations
Many algae is found in
cosmetics and ice cream
ice cream uses carrogen which makes it soft
protozoa
-most vivid and engrossing group of microorganisms
- found in soil or water
Trichomonas vaginalis
obtained through sexual contact; occurs in primarily woman
Mastigophora
flagellata and zoomastigophora;
-form asexual cysts
-single nucleus, move by flagella
- lack mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
Trypansoma (African sleeping disease)
blood pathogen transmitted via vectors
- kissing bug defecates on human lip
- can kill you
- looks like a stingray
-loves CO2
Leishmania
comes from wasp bites, leave nasty scars
giardia
an intestinal parasite found in the tropics. grow and compete with food in the intestine
-has two nucleus
Sarcodina
amoeba (cells that change shape) take energy from host
very plastic living things
intestinal parasites
Amoebas can be obtained through
feces, contaminated fruits, eggs
nalgerila fowleri
lives in freshwater
cillaphora
organisms with cillia
most are harmless
plenty found in rain water
1 gram of soil can contain
10 million bacteria
Toxoplasma gondii
toxoplasmosis affects pregnant women, can cause infection that can cause loss of the fetus
Trophozite (protozoa)
lay eggs
eggs are cysts
spread through water and feces
hemlinths
- kingdom animalia
- multicellular organisms
- tapeworms. flukes and foundworms
- come from eggs
- male and female
flatworms
very thin, segmented body plan
subdivide into cestodes or tapeworms, trematodes and flukes
roundworms
nematodes
elongate, cylindrical
made of: hooks, sucker which is the scolex, neck and proglottids
Trichinella spiralis
grows in pork, have affected many people in the past