HIV viruses
only virus with an extra set of chromosome
reverse transcriptase coverts mRNA to DNA
DNA then inserts and hides in cells
virus can stay in the body for years and be undetectable
Herpes virus
a virus that also hides itself, is a DNA virus, always in the body, hides in the nerves, will occur due to stress
Viruses are not cells; they are ______________
particles; they have nucleic acid which can be DNA/RNA
Hepatitis B
A DNA virus that is double-stranded but has fragments of single stranded.
How many families are RNA viruses
13
Papoviridae/ DNA
- Human Papillomavirus (warts), - Specific viruses grow specific warts., - Human papilloma virus in women can lead to cancer thought
Parvoviridae /DNA
very small; single stranded DNA, Parvovirus B-19 erythema infectioum, affects puppies, B-19 can affect children
Picornviridae/RNA
poliovirus, rhinovirus; common cold, hepatitis A; short term hepatitis
Coronaviridae
SARS virus -covid-19
SARS virus -severe acute respiratory syndrome
-Infectious bronchitis virus
-Enteric coronavirus
Allantoic inoculation
influenza, mumps, newcastle disease, avian adenovirus
Many years ago information was stored in ____________
RNA
Bacteriophages
viruses that infect bacteria
someone who specializes in viruses is a
virologist
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture; plant virologist
Viruses are measured in
nanometers
When was the electron microscope discovered?
1928
Viruses were discovered when
Louis Pasteur filtered bacteria and the viruses were found in the filtrate
Viruses have no color, they appear as
black,white, grey
Herpes type 1 is found
on the lips
Herpes type 2 is found
on the genitals
In bacteriophages the DNA is located in
the head
The largest of viruses, look like cells
smallpox
The spikes of a virus are made of
glycoprotein; which contains amino acids
the receptors of cells allow
the spikes of a virus to fit in perfectly
indication of viruses in the past
- polio
-Hector, from the Iliad, had rabies
The properties of viruses are
-obligate intracellular parasite of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants and animals, they live around the cell
- Ultramicroscopic, ranging from 20nm to 450nm
-not cellular in nature, structure is very compact and economical
There are about an estimated _________ types of viruses
400,000
There are about __________ described viruses
5,000
There are __________________ accepted viruses
2,000
The head of a virus is shaped as
icosehedron ( made of 20 equilateral triangles)
-protects nucleic acid
Viruses can have ______ and ______ but they are NEVER TOGETHER
DNA, RNA
Potyvirus
affects citrus
The sum of all genetic information carried by an organism is a
genome
Viruses are classified by
structure, chemical composition, and genetic makeup
ICTV
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
How many orders of viruses are there
3 orders
How many families of viruses are there
63 families called viridae ex. coronoviridae
how many genera of viruses are there
263 genera called viruses, ex. coronavirus
Viruses are called _____________ not species
types
How many families are DNA viruses
6
Herpesviridae /DNA
HSV type 1, HSV type 2, Epstein Barr (EBV) or mono, Varicella Zoster (VZR), rash or chicken pox
Poxviridae / DNA
smallpox, cowpox, large viruses
Adenoviridae / DNA
Adenovirus infections - affects adenoids (tonsils)
Hepadnaviridae /DNA
Hepatitis B, affects and destroys the liver, DNA DOUBLE AND SINGLE STRANDED, is sexually transmitted
Calicivirus/RNA
norwalk virus or norovirus, causes stomach aches and diarrhea
Togaviridae/RNA
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, rubella virus *women would expose to this prior to getting married and having kids
Flaviviridae/ RNA
*the most common and recent, come from mosquito except HEP C
- Dengue fever virus -in the tropics, from mosquito
-West Nile virus - mosquito
- Yellow fever virus
-Hep C virus -occurs through blood transfusion, or sharing needles, can end with cancer
-St. Louis encephalitis
Bunyaviridae/ RNA
Crimean Congo virus- hemorrhagic virus, turns you purple/black, dies in 3 days
Filoviridae/RNA
-ebola virus- localized in africa
-marburg virus- type of ebola fever that origniated in marburg, germany from a lab, 12 people died
-look like filaments
Reoviridae/RNA
Rotavirus - gastroenteritis, looks like a wheel, RNA IS DOUBLE STRANDED
Orthomyxoviridae/RNA
infuenza virus - killer- no medicine to control, only vaccines
Paramyxoviridae/RNA
mumps, measles, parainfluenza, RSV ;common cold
Rhabdoviridae/RNA
Lyssavirus (rabies)
Retroviridae/RNA
Centivirus- HIV 1 and 2, cause AIDS
Human T-cell leukemia virus
T Helper Cell
helps in the production of antibodies
Arenaviridae/RNA
looks like grain of arena
-steals ribosome from host
lassavirus-lassa fever, spread by rats
Cells can have ___________ receptors
many
Adsorption
The process of binding or sticking to a surface, binds to receptors
penetration
allows particle to enter
Uncoating
the envelope of the virus is removed, and the RNA is freed into the cytoplasm
Synthesis
replication and protein production
Assembly
Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers
ALL RNA VIRUSES REPLICATE IN
THE CYTOPLASM
ALL DNA VIRUSES REPLICATE
IN THE NUCLEUS , turns into mRNA and replicates
Methylated
can not express any protein
when a cell senses danger
it commits apoptosis, however viruses block the cells ability to kill them self
lytic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses (multiplys immediately)
lysogenic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA (can multiply in a span up to 15 years)
a prophage
A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.
viruses can be deteced via
pcr
aminotic inoculation
influenza, mumps
yolk sac
herpes simplex virus