the two methods of global regulation
autonomic and endocrine
the two heart related sectors of the medulla of the brain stem
cardio regulatory center and vasomotor center
cardio regulatory center pathway
sinoatrial node is influenced, HR changes, MAP changes
vasomotor center pathway
walls of large arteries are influenced, peripheral resistance changes, MAP changes
main hormone involved in changing HR
epinephrine/adrenalin
drugs that block the adrenergic receptors, lowering blood pressure
beta blockers
epinephrine/adrenalin pathway
adrenergic receptors stimulated, cardiac muscle stimulated to increase SV, arterial smooth muscle cells stimulated to constrict digestive systems and dilate cardiac and skeletal
hormone precursor produced by the liver
angiotensinogen
length of angiotensinogen
20AAs
length of angiotensin 1
10AAs
length of angiotensin 2
8AAs
length of ACE 2
7AAs
kidney protease that cuts angiotensin into angiotensin 1
renin
how angiotensin 2 increases blood pressure
induces vasoconstriction, stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone to cause Na+ reabsorption
drugs that treat high blood pressure by blocking sodium reabsorption
ACE inhibitors
hormone from the pituitary gland that causes sodium reabsorption
antidiuretic hormone, ADH
how alcohol causes increased peeing
it inhibits ADH
factor produced by the right atrium of the heart
atrial natriuretic factor, ANF
consequences of hypertension
edema, hemorrhagic stroke, heart attack, kidney damage, congestive heart failure, hypertrophy
pathway of congestive heart failure
heart attack, imbalance in blood pumping, pulmonary edema, reduced O2 capacity, SNS panic attack
how the SNS panic attack makes congestive heart failure worse
increased HR increases work load and edema, decreased urine formation increases BV which increases HR
drug interventions for congestive heart failure
drain lung fluid, lower BP with various medications
possible causes of high blood pressure
atherosclerosis, high LDL and high inflammation, poor diet, genetic programming like high sodium levels
deposits that cause atherosclerosis
collagen/scar tissue
drugs that can treat atherosclerosis and prevent heart attacks
statins, baby aspirin
treatments for high blood pressure
diuretic drugs, calcium channel antagonists, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, statins, sublingual nitroglycerin tablets
how calcium channel antagonists reduce blood pressure
reduce calmodulin binding, reduce MLC kinase binding, reduce myosin activation, causing less contraction in arteries, reducing PR
what MLC kinase does
adds phosphate group to myosin light chain, activating myosin to bind to actin
how statins reduce blood pressure
reduce cholesterol synthesis, reduce inflammation
how sublingual nitroglycerin tablets reduce blood pressure
produce NO, stimulates MLC phosphatase to remove phosphate from myosin light chain, causing smooth muscle relaxation
how sublingual nitroglycerin tablets help balance the work load=oxygen availability problem
they dilate coronary arteries, which allow more oxygen to be carried to the heart, and reduce PR, MAP and after-load
the two components of respiration
inspiration and expiration
type of depolarization involved in respiration
spontaneous
type of sodium channels involved in respiration
leaky
how the diaphragm causes inhalation
contraction pulls down, increasing chest cavity volume, reducing pressure in lungs so that high pressure from outside is pulled in from the vacuum
why only a few motor units in the diaphragm are recruited initially
otherwise breathing would be in gasps, and quick inhalations are inefficient
why inspiration stops
action potential stops, repolarization begins - may be caused by inhibitive neurons using a negative feedback loop
how the diaphragm might cause depolarization to stop
stretch receptors might send a signal to an inhibitory neuron