Lecture 3 Endocrine System Flashcards

The _________ produces the hormone melatonin.
a. pituitary gland
b. pineal gland
c. thyroid gland
d. pancreatic gland
e. hypothalamus

In __________ diabetes the pancreas is NOT producing insulin.
a. type I
b. type II
c. type III
d. all forms of

Insulin functions to __________.
a. promote the storage of nutrients
b. lower blood glucose level by stimulating liver, fat & muscle cells to metabolize
c. glucose
d. stimulate uptake of glucose by cells
e. all the above

Where is the pineal gland and what is its function?
a. On top of the kidneys; produces steroids.
b. On top of the thyroid gland; produces parathyroid hormone.
c. In the brain; produces melatonin.
d. Embedded within the pancreas; produces glucagon and insulin.

The pancreatic islets produce __________.
a. insulin and glucagon
b. pancreatin
c. ACTH and aldosterone
d. pancreatic digestive enzymes

There is/are ______ main type(s) of diabetes mellitus.
a. one
b. two
c. four
d. none of the above

ACTH controls the secretion of ___________.
a. cortisol
b. aldosterone
c. epinephrine
d. testosterone

Cortisol is a ___________.
a. sex steriod
b. glucocorticoid
c. mineralocorticoid

Melatonin is a hormone that helps to sleep and is produced by?
a. Pineal gland
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland

The adrenal medulla secretes ______ under conditions of stress.
a. norepinephrine
b. epinephrine
c. both above
d. none the above

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ___________.
a. stops the absorption of calcium from the intestine
b. stimulates the release of calcium by the kidneys
c. causes blood calcium level to decrease
d. causes blood phosphate level to decrease
e. none the above

Calcitonin ____________.
a. regulates the calcium level in blood
b. is balanced by the action of parathyroid hormone
c. increases the deposit of calcium in bone
d. all the above

Which of the following describes the location of the parathyroid gland?
a. below the thyroid, hence the name "para"
b. above the thyroid, hence the name "para"
c. embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland
d. distant from the thyroid but named because there are two and they resemble the thyroid glands

Narrow gaps between nerve cells through which paracrine signals travel are called
a. Desmosomes
b. calmodulins
c. synapses
d. integrins
e. maculae

In most cases protein kinases
a. hydrolyze proteins
b. polymerize amino acids
c. stimulate adenylyl cyclase
d. bind cGMP
e. add phosphate groups to proteins

In which process does a cell release a signaling molecule that diffuses through extracellular fluid and acts on nearby cells?
a. paracrine regulation
b. neuroendocrine signaling
c. classical endocrine signaling
d. autocrine regulation

Which of the following regarding circulating hormones is/are not correct?
a. Synthesised within an endocrine secretory gland.
b. Enter the blood and travel within the circulation to their target tissues.
c. Bind to hormone receptors on or within the target cells.
d. Adrenaline and cortisol are examples of circulating hormones.
e. All the above are correct.

Oxytocin secretion causes
a. milk production
b. uterine contractions.
c. increased urine volume.
d. decreased blood volume.
e. both a and b

Which of the following regarding neurohormones is/are not correct?
a. Synthesised within an endocrine secretory gland.
b. Enter the blood and travel within the circulation to their target tissues.
c. Bind to hormone receptors on or within the target cells.
d. Cortisol and oxytocin are examples of neurohormones.
e. A and D are incorrect

Hormones that are secreted from the anterior pituitary are produced in
a. the hypothalamus.
b. the anterior pituitary.
c. the posterior pituitary.
d. the infundibulum.
e. neurosecretory cells.

All steroids are initially synthesised from cholesterol.
a. True
b. False

T3 and T4 engage in negative feedback on TRH and TSH.
a. True
b. False

When Ca2+ levels begin to rise in the blood, calcitonin is secreted from the thyroid gland.
a. True
b. False

The command module of the anterior pituitary where it oversees releasing and inhibiting hormones that will get travelled throughout the body and some hormones produced are stored in the posterior pituitary and it produces ADH and oxytocin.
a. Pineal gland
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
e. Adrenal Gland

Type 1 diabetes is more common than type 2 diabetes.
a. True
b. False

Steroids commonly bind to receptors within the cell.
a. True
b. False

Hormones do not only come in the form of proteins.
a. True
b. False

ADH causes water retention by the kindey and thus causes the body to produce more urine.
a. True
b. False

Protein kinases are enzymes which stimulate the production of second messenger molecules.
a. True
b. False

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) in charge of metabolism and calcitonin, a hormone involved in calcium regulation especially when calcium level is too high in the blood are produced in?
a. Pineal gland
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
e. Adrenal Gland

A peptide hormone is angiotensin.
a. True
b. False

Parathyroid hormone is also involved in calcium regulation especially when calcium level in the plasma is too low in the blood is produced by the.
a. Pineal gland
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
e. Adrenal Gland

Located on top of the kidney and it has an outer region called the adrenal cortex and the inner region called the Adrenal Medulla.
a. Pineal gland
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
e. Adrenal Gland

Steroids and aldosterone hormones production is found in?
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Adrenal Medulla
c. Pancreas
d. Thyroid Gland
e. Hypothalamus

What is the target organ that interstitial cells are found in these reproductive organs?
a. Testes
b. adrenal glands
c. pancreas
d. ovaries

What is the target organ that occurs in a pair and located right above the kidneys?
a. Testes
b. adrenal glands
c. pancreas
d. ovaries

What is the target organ that is located close to the stomach and duodenum and involved in carbohydrate utilization?
a. Testes
b. adrenal glands
c. pancreas
d. ovaries

The pituitary gland:
i. Is in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
ii. Is linked to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum.
iii. Has a posterior portion that contains axon terminals from hypothalamic neurosecretory cells.
iv. Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones.
v. Has a vascular connection with the hypothalamus known as the hypophyseal portal system.
a. i, ii, and iv
b. ii, iii, iv, and v
c. ii, iii, and v
d. ii, iv, and v

What is the target organ that female gonads that produce female sex hormones?
a. Testes
b. adrenal glands
c. pancreas
d. ovaries

The hormone that regulates the body's biological clock is:
a. Melatonin
b. Calcitonin
c. Adrenaline
d. Parathyroid hormone

Catecholamines hormones production occurs in?
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Adrenal Medulla
c. Pancreas
d. Thyroid Gland
e. Hypothalamus

Insulin and glucagon
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Adrenal Medulla
c. Pancreas
d. Thyroid Gland
e. Hypothalamus

Hormones originated in the endocrine cell are released into the blood, and it is travelled through the blood vessel to the target cells to cause physiological response.
a. True
b. False

Hormones that are water soluble will bind to the receptor on the cell surface.
a. True
b. False

Hormones that are fat soluble will cross the plasma membrane into the cell and bind to the receptor.
a. True
b. False

Which of these are not water-soluble hormones?
a. Peptides
b. Amines
c. Eicosanoids
d. Steroids
e. Proteins

Circulating hormones are synthesised within and released from endocrine cells within an endocrine gland.
a. True
b. False

Neurohormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are secreted from cells in?
a. Pineal gland
b. Hypothalamus
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
e. Adrenal Gland

If catecholamine hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline) bind to α receptor this will cause blood vessel to constrict (narrowing). When blood vessels constrict, blood flow is slowed or blocked.
a. True
b. False

If catecholamine hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline) bind to β receptor this will cause blood vessel to dilate (wider), so more blood flow.
a. True
b. False

Thyroid gland also produces a hormone called calcitonin.
a. True
b. False

Circulating hormones that enters the blood vessel and are secreted by the adrenal gland and bind to a large receptor site either α receptor or β receptor are:
a. Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
b. Parathyroid hormone and Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
c. Amine hormones and Parathyroid hormones
d. Melatonin and aldosterone hormones
e. Steroids hormones and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

What type of cell singling is this that involves the hormones to be synthesised within, and released from, the secretory endocrine cell and they will circulate in the blood to bind to a receptor or target cell.
a. endocrine signalling
b. neuroendocrine signalling
c. autocrine signaling
d. paracrine signaling

A hormone that is secreted from a neurosecretory neuron in the brain like the hormones secreted from neurons in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland just below the hypothalamus and they will enter the blood vessel to be transported to target tissues where they bind to hormone receptors on or in the cell.
a. Circulating Hormones
b. Neurohormones
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

The hypothalamus
a. regulates the secretory activity of the pituitary gland.
b. is connected to the pituitary gland by the optic chiasma.
c. has neurons that connect to the anterior pituitary.
d. contains the infundibulum, which secretes many hormones.
e. all of these

Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary.
a. are produced by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.
b. are transported initially by the hypothalamohypophysial portal tract.
c. include GH and ACTH.
d. are classified as pheromones.
e. both a and b

Which of the following regarding autocrine/paracrine hormones is/are correct?
i. Synthesised within an endocrine secretory gland.
ii. Enter the blood and travel within the circulation to their target tissues.
iii. Bind to hormone receptors on the cell-type that released them, or other cells close by.
iv. Any hormone that is classified as a “circulating hormone” or “neurohormone” could function in an autocrine/paracrine manner.
a. i and ii.
b. i and iii.
c. i, ii, and iii.
d. i, iii, and iv.
e. All are correct.

A type of signaling that remains in the extracellular fluid instead of entering the blood vessel is known as?
a. Circulating Hormones
b. Neurohormones
c. Autocrine signaling
d. paracrine signaling
e. C and D only.

Paracrine Signaling involves hormones that are release from an endocrine cell and they will diffuse through the extracellular fluid and act on nearby cells that are different from the releasing cell.
a. True
b. False

Autocrine Signaling are hormones that are release from an endocrine cell and will stay in the extra cellular fluid and act and interact on the same cell type that produced or released them. This is usually a negative feedback system, where a hormone is released and feeds back on to the cell itself to inhibit further release of hormones, preventing over stimulation that can cause problems.
a. True
b. False

The organ that responds to the action of a hormone is known as the _______ organ.
a. Acting
b. Target
c. Regulation
d. Feedback
e. Promotion

One effect of ADH is to
a. decrease urine volume.
b. increase blood osmolarity.
c. decrease blood volume.
d. all of these

Which of the following is not part of the series of events that lead to a circulating hormone to exert it’s physiological or biochemical effect?
a. A hormone is secreted into the blood and travels to its target tissue.
b. The hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane.
c. A signal transduction pathway is activated.
d. There can be cytoplasmic responses such as opening an ion channel or altering transcription.
e. All the above are part of the series of events that lead to a circulating hormone exerting its effect.

The protein that is found embedded in the cell membrane and allows the hormone to bind to it is known as the ______.
a. mRNA
b. secondary messenger
c. receptor
d. receiver
e. nucleus

In both autocrine and paracrine signaling, the hormones still exert their effects by acting on receptors (on or within the cell).
a. True
b. False

Anterior pituitary hormones
a. have a short half-life.
b. are lipid soluble.
c. include oxytocin and ADH.
d. are eicosanoids.
e. are under control by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus

Hormones:
i. Generally, utilize negative feedback mechanisms to regulate their secretion.
ii. Can affect target cells far removed from the hormone-producing cells.
iii. Must always bind to transport proteins to circulate in the blood.
iv. May be released in low concentrations but can produce large effects in the target cells because of amplification.
a. i, ii, iii
b. i, ii, iv
c. ii, iii, iv
d. i, iii, iv

Human growth hormone (hGH) causes.
a. increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF) production.
b. increased fat storage.
c. increased glycogen breakdown.
d. increased use of glucose as an energy source.
e. decreased uptake of amino acids into the cells.

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) promote T cell maturation.
a. True
b. False

T3 and T4 stimulate metabolism and regulate development and inhibit the release of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary.
a. True
b. False

Which type of hormones are catecholamines?
a. Steroid hormones.
b. Amine hormones.
c. Angiotensin
d. Catechol hormones.
e. Carboxyl hormones.

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) serves as a circulating hormone and not a neurotransmitter.
a. True
b. False

Which of the following are true regarding the role (hormone or neurotransmitter) played by the catecholamines, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline?
a. Dopamine is a hormone; Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter and hormone; Adrenaline is a neurotransmitter.
b. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter; Noradrenaline is a hormone; Adrenaline, is a hormone.
c. Dopamine is a hormone; Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter; Adrenaline is a hormone.
d. Dopamine is neurotransmitter and hormone; Noradrenaline is neurotransmitter and hormone; Adrenaline is hormone.
e. Dopamine is neurotransmitter; Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter and hormone; Adrenaline is hormone.

Which of the following is secreted by the adrenal gland?
a. Glucagon
b. Norepinephrine
c. thyroid hormone
d. gastrin
e. estrogen

Hormones can also be peptides. Which type of the hormone are a peptide?
a. Steroid hormones.
b. Amine hormones.
c. Angiotensin
d. Catechol hormones.
e. Carboxyl hormones.

Which organ constantly produces a protein called angiotensinogen which is always present in the blood.
a. Liver
b. Pancreas
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
e. Kidney

Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
a. are secreted from the posterior pituitary.
b. travel through the hypophyseal portal system.
c. travel through the hypothalamohypophysial tract.
d. influence the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary.
e. affect target cells throughout the body.

Renin is an enzyme which converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I (in the blood) is produced by which organ?
a. Liver
b. Pancreas
c. Thyroid Gland
d. Parathyroid Gland
e. Kidney

The factors that stimulate secretion of ADH include
a. increased blood osmolarity.
b. decreased blood pressure.
c. decreased blood volume.
d. all of these

Which of the following with respect to the renin-angiotensin system is/are not correct?
a. Renin and Angiotensinogen is released from the liver into the blood.
b. Renin cleaves off a small part of angiotensinogen thereby producing angiotensin I.
c. Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that line the walls of capillaries within the liver.
d. Angiotensin II (and angiotensin I) have multiple effects on blood pressure, water balance and ion regulation.
e. A and C are incorrect.

Rein will then convert angiotensin to angiotensin I in the blood.
a. True
b. False

Liver always produces angiotensin, and the angiotensin will be found circulating the blood.
a. True
b. False

1. Which organ always produce angiotensinogen?
a. Liver
b. Kidney
c. Pancreas
d. Adrenal Cortex

Angiotensin II is the final product of the renin-angiotensin system.
a. True
b. False

Peptides are angiotensin 1, 2 serves in regulating water, ion balance, and blood pressure.
a. True
b. False

As angiotensin 1 passes through the lungs, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts it to angiotensin 2.
a. True
b. False

The main class of steroids are.
a. Sex steroids
b. Glucocorticoids
c. Mineralocorticoids
d. Only A and B are correct.
e. All are correct.

________ hormones usually pass through the cell membrane by diffusion.
a. Steroid
b. Exocrine
c. protein
d. Peptide
e. Polypeptide

Catecholamines is produced only by which part of the body?
a. Adrenal Cortex
b. Adrenal Medulla
c. Anterior Pituitary
d. Amines

For a hormone to influence a target cell, it must bind to a hormone receptor. These receptors can either be located on the plasma membrane or within the cell (in the cytosol or in the nucleus).
a. True
b. False

Which part of the body produces the Steroids and aldosterone
a. Adrenal Medulla
b. Thyroid Gland
c. Parathyroid Gland
d. Adrenal Cortex

Which of the following is/are not a feature of steroid hormones?
a. They are derivatives of cholesterol.
b. They are lipophobic (hydrophilic).
c. They bind to hormone receptors within the cell rather than those on the plasma membrane.
d. They are transported in the blood via carrier proteins.
e. All the above are features of steroid hormones.

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary?
a. growth hormone
b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
c. prolactin
d. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
e. epinephrine (adrenaline)

Which of the following features of steroid hormones result from their lipophilic nature?
a. They regulate growth, mineral balance, and sexual/reproductive function.
b. They need to undergo metabolism in the liver before being excreted in the urine.
c. They bind to hormone receptors within the cell rather than those on the plasma membrane.
d. They are transported in the blood via carrier proteins.
e. All the above are correct.

Phosphorylation is performed by enzymes referred to as protein kinases while dephosphorylation is performed by enzymes called protein phosphatases.
a. True
b. False

As hormones interact with a cell, it is either through the binding to a receptor on the cell’s surface if it is an amine or peptide hormones, and this is known as Cell Surface Receptors.
a. True
b. False

The binding to a receptor inside the cell if it is a steroid hormone and this is known as Intracellular Receptors.
a. True
b. False

If the hormone receptor is in the nucleus, then the hormone-receptor complex will interact with DNA to alter/regulate transcription.
a. True
b. False

If the hormone receptor is in the cytosol, then the hormone-receptor complex must first move from the cytosol into the nucleus before it can interact with DNA to alter transcription.
a. True
b. False

When a steroid hormone triggers an alteration in transcription, what binds to the DNA to initiate this alteration?
a. The steroid hormone itself.
b. The steroid hormone receptor that has been “activated”.
c. The complex of the steroid hormone and the steroid hormone’s receptor.
d. The second messenger, cAMP that was produced by the binding of the steroid to its receptor.
e. A “transcription element” that was activated by the binding of the steroid to its receptor.

When a steroid hormone binds to its receptor on a target cell, where is this most likely to happen?
a. On the plasma membrane.
b. In the cytosol.
c. In the nucleus.
d. B and C only.
e. All the above.

Diuresis increase in urine flow and Anti-diuretics prevents increases in urine flow.
a. True
b. False

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will travel down the axon and stored in the synaptic terminal of the posterior pituitary and when they are needed, they are released into the blood to get to the target tissue, and they are synthesised within the cell bodies of these neurosecretory cells.
a. True
b. False

Oxytocin stimulate uterine contractions in labor and childbirth and to stimulate contractions of breast tissue to aid in lactation after childbirth so milk production.
a. True
b. False

Cell bodies of neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus produce.
a. Oxytocin
b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c. protein
d. Both A and B are correct
e. All the above

Which of the following, with respect to oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone is/are correct?
a. They are produced within neurosecretory neurons within the thalamus.
b. They are transported from the cell bodies within the thalamus, down the axon, to the nerve terminals located in the anterior pituitary.
c. They are stored in these nerve terminals within the anterior pituitary.
d. They are released into the blood upon appropriate stimuli.
e. All the above are correct.

In addition to oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, the hypothalamus has a host of other neurosecretory cells that influence the activity of the pituitary gland. Which of the following steps in this process is/are incorrect?
a. Releasing-hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH) are produced within neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.
b. These RH and IH are secreted into a capillary bed within the hypothalamus.
c. This capillary bed drains into a portal vein (the hypothalamic-pituitary portal vein) which transports the RH and IH to a capillary bed within the anterior pituitary.
d. RH and IH diffuse out of these capillaries and then stimulate and inhibit, respectively, the release of various anterior pituitary hormones.
e. All these processes are correct.

Pitocin is a synthetic form of _____ used during childbirth to induce labor artificially.
a. oxytocin
b. estrogen
c. progesterone
d. thyroid hormone
e. the pituitary hormone

stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
a. Gonadotropins
b. Endorphins
c. Prolactin
d. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
e. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
f. Growth hormone

inhibiting the sensation of pain in the pain pathway
a. Gonadotropins
b. Endorphins
c. Prolactin
d. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
e. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
f. Growth hormone

Which statement are incorrect about the Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary?
a. Oxytocin and ADH are released into the blood and stored in the nerve terminals which reside in the posterior pituitary.
b. Oxytocin and ADH travel down the axon.
c. Cell bodies of neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
d. All are correct.

Which of these conditions causes increased TRH secretion?
a. increased T3 secretion
b. increased T4 secretion
c. low metabolic rate
d. prolonged fasting
e. all of these

The adrenal cortex releases cortisone to help the body deal with:
a. flight-or-fight responses
b. long-term stress
c. excess urine production
d. acromegaly
e. cancer

The regulation of adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) function by neurohormones that originate from the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland and is more of a long-term stress response is refer to as?
a. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
b. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
c. Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones: Calcium Regulation
d. hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
e. signal transduction pathway

161. Which of the following regarding the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is incorrect?
a. The hypothalamus produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).
b. CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone (ACTH).
c. ACTH stimulates the adrenal medulla to release cortisol.
d. Cortisol inhibits further CRH and ACTH release.
e. Cortisol enhances energy availability.

Neurohormones from the pituitary gland regulate the function of the adrenal gland (cortex).
a. True
b. False

Neurohormones from the hypothalamus regulate the function of the pituitary gland.
a. True
b. False

All of the following are roles of the endocrine system EXCEPT:
a. Maintain internal environment
b. Regulate energy availability
c. Impacts growth and development
d. None of the above

What is the posterior pituitary hormone that is secreted in response to a low blood volume and concentrated blood, as occurs in dehydration?
a. T3 and T4
b. ADH
c. ACTH
d. None are correct

A decrease in plasma calcium is the stimulus for what's release?
a. Releasing Hormones
b. Growth Hormone
c. Parathyroid Hormone

Where are the beta and alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans?
a. Pancreas
b. Testes
c. Ovaries

What is the target gland of TSH?
a. Thyroid Gland
b. Ovaries
c. Testes
d. None of the above

Secretions of what gland contribute to the fight-or-flight response?
a. Adrenal Medulla
b. Anterior Pituitary Gland
c. Posterior Pituitary Gland
d. None are correct

Which of the following is not an anterior pituitary gland secretion?
a. TSH
b. GH
c. ADH
d. Prolactin

Angiotensin I is changed by which of the following into Angiotensin II in the blood?
a. ACE
b. AVT
c. Pepsin
d. Adenosine

The adrenal cortex is comprised of the following.
a. Mineralocorticoids
b. Glucocorticoids
c. Sex hormones
d. All the above

Insulin transports glucose into our tissue where it is needed.
a. True
b. False

___is not a steroid hormone.
a. Insulin
b. Progesterone
c. Aldosterone
d. Estradiol
e. Cortisol

Releasing hormone targets, the
a. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
b. Thyroid gland
c. Thyroid hormone
d. Hypothalamus
e. Posterior pituitary (neurohyphophysis)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the
a. Pancreas
b. Hypothalamus
c. Kidneys
d. Adrenal gland
e. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Endocrine gland(s)
a. Release their secretion directly into the blood
b. Have an unusually low density of blood capillaries
c. Secrete their products by way of ducts
d. Secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects
e. Secretions may be released into the body surface

The___ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
a. Pancreas
b. Kidney
c. Thyroid gland
d. Parathyroid gland
e. Adrenal gland

Cortisol
a. Stimulates glucose intake by most organs
b. Promotes glycogen synthesis
c. Stimulates protein synthesis
d. Inhibits fat digestion
e. Promotes breakdown of fat and protein

Which of the following cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?
a. Alpha cell
b. Beta Cell
c. Delta Cell
d. Exocrine cells
e. Duct cells

Stress stimulates secretion of which of the following hormones?
a. Growth hormone
b. Epinephrine
c. Thyroid hormone
d. ACTH
e. All the above

Insulin and glucagon both help regulate plasma Glucose concentration.
a. True
b. False

ADH is known as ________ and secreted by _________?
a. Antidiuretic Hormone & Pituitary Anterior
b. Antidiuretic Hormone & Pituitary Posterior
c. Aldosterone & Adrenal Cortex
Adrogens and Adrenal Medulla

1. The main control center of the endocrine system is
a. Pituitary Gland
b. Thyroid Gland
c. Hypothalamus
d. Adrenal Cortex

Hypothalamus controls the ______ by releasing hormones and ________.
a. Posterior Pituitary & stimulating hormones
b. Thyroid gland & inhibiting hormones
c. Anterior Pituitary & inhibiting hormones
d. Thyroid gland & stimulating hormones

A group of cells that gives off or secretes chemicals.
a. Artery
b. Vein
c. Gland

Bodily chemical messengers that send messages from one set of cells to another, affecting changes.
a. Hormones
b. Nephrons
c. Alveoli

These release hormones in conjunction with stress.
a. Adrenal
b. Pituitary
c. Tnyroid

Examples of water-soluble hormones
a. Amines
b. Protein
c. Peptides
d. Glycopeptides
e. All the above

Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypothalamus?
a. Secretes releasing hormones
b. Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland
c. Secretes ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins.
d. Synthesizes oxytocin and ADH

The adrenal cortex
a. Is the target gland of ACTH
b. Secretes catecholamines
c. Is an extension of the sympathetic nervous system
d. Secretes ADH and oxytocin

Catecholamines
a. Include cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone
b. Are secreted by the adrenal cortex
c. Lower plasma glucose
d. Include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

The only hormone that lowers blood glucose is
a. Glucagon
b. Insulin
c. Epinephrine
d. Cortisol

Some hormones affect a cell by binding to membrane receptors while others diffuse into the cell. The hormones that bind to the membrane receptors are called __________ and the hormones that diffuse into the cell are called __________.
a. lipid‐soluble; cyclic
b. cyclic; water‐soluble
c. water‐soluble; lipid‐soluble

Endocrine products are initially secreted into __________.
a. ducts
b. glands
c. the bloodstream

Which of the following hormones activates the cell's DNA and “turns on” a specific gene ultimately causing the cell to respond?
a. steroid
b. protein
c. water‐soluble