Edward Jenner
father of immunology, performed unethical smallpox/cowpox experiments on his servants
Opportunistic pathogens
microorganisms that can cause disease if the immune system is compromised
Commensal organisms
microbes that live in a healthy adult without causing damage, ie beneficial bacteria
types of pathogens
parasites, fungi, bacteria, viruses
The four main immunological defenses
anatomic barriers, complement/antimicrobial proteins (like defensins), innate immune cells, adaptive immunity
complement
a group of serum proteins that mark pathogens for destruction by immune cells
cytokines function
messengers/communicators to other immune cells
Effector cell functions
phagocytose bacteria, make cytokines
effector mechanism definition
methods to kill pathogens, broadly refers to effector cells, innate immunity
primary cells of adaptive immunity
B cells and T cells
Naive lymphocytes
mature lymphocytes that have not encountered an antigen yet
purpose of clonal selection
make antigen specific effector cells - only lymphocytes with receptors for the pathogen are selected
clonal expansion
lymphocytes with receptors for the pathogen are multiplied
purpose of lymphocytes in the secondary immune response
long term protection against specific antigens
Four functions of the immune system
immunological recognition, immune effector functions, immune regulation, immunological memory
origin of leukocytes
bone marrow
hematopoiesis
development of blood cells (we focus on the development of WBCs/leukocytes)
HSC (hematopoietic stem cell)
can develop into erythroid, myeloid, or lymphoid cells
2 main branches of HSC
common lymphoid progenitor, common myeloid progenitor
characteristics of granulocytes
prominent granules, contain single lobed nuclei
neutrophil
most abundant granulocyte, phagocytoses pathogens
eosinophil
second most abundant granulocyte, kills parasites, plays part in allergies
basophil
least abundant granulocyte, kills parasites, plays part in allergies
where mast cells reside
connective tissue
special function of macrophages
help to start to form adaptive immunity
special feature of dendritic cells
antigen presentation
macropinocytosis definition
big ingestion of surroundings
refers to T cells before they have encountered a pathogen
naiive T cell
refers to T cells when they encounter a pathogen
activated T cell
refers to T cell after it has encountered a pathogen
mature dendritic cells
special feature of NK cells
part of the innate immune system even though they originate from lymphoid progenitors