three steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis - Krebs Cycle - Electron Transport Chain
Protein aggregates that build up and contribute to neuron toxicity
amyloid and tau
bonds that hold amino acids together
peptide bonds
the two ends of amino acid chains
N-terminal and C-terminal
(amino group) and (carbonyl group)
basic structure of an amino acid
what does the side chain do/not do?
does not participate in peptide bonds, helps proteins fold and give unique shapes and properties
How do proteins decide how to fold?
they always want to fold in a way that is energetically favorable
is the rotation around peptide bonds free or restricted?
mostly free
The four main non-covalent interactions that promote protein folding
hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, London Dispersion Forces/Van der Waals, hydrophobic forces
how chaperone proteins assist in folding proteins
they use ATP to clamp proteins, either to promote or inhibit a fold
least favorable state of an amino acid chain
linear
definition of kinetically trapped
stuck in an unfavorable fold, no way to escape without external help