Developmental Psychology Test 3 Flashcards

Erkison believed a healthy outcome during infancy does not depend on the amount of food or oral stimulation offered but rather on the _________ of caregiving. What are some characterisitics?

What factors affect parental of personal happinness?

What is the Psychological conflict of the first year?

What is the difference between the trusting and mistrusting baby?

What is the conflict of toddlerhood in the second year? How is it resolved?

Basic trust and autonomy grow out of warm, sensitive parenting and reasonable expectations for impulse control starting in the _______ year

What are the 3 attainments that Erikson regarded as those that emotions help organize?

What are the Basic emotions?

Babies' first 2 arousal states of emotions are?

What are the stages of smiling?

Around the middle of the first year, infants smile and laugh more when interacting with familiar people, a preference that strengthens the parent-child bond. Between 8 and 10 months, the smile then becomes ________.

Anger characteristics of a baby include?

_____ and ______ contribute to a rise in angry reactions.

When does fear rise in a baby? When does stranger anxiety occur?

The most frequent fear, shown to meeting new adults.

What does stranger anxiety depend on?

Once wariness appears in a baby first developing walking, babies use the familiar caregiver as a ____ _____, or point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support.

Depression that emerges or strengthens after childbirth but fails to subside as the new mother adjust to hormonal changes in her body and gains confidence in caring for her baby

About ______ % of women experience chronic depression.

What happens to baby's who's mothers are depressed?

Some researches claim that infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a fairly automatic process of _____ _____.

Others, however, believe that infants acquire these emotional contingencies through _____ _____---for example, learning that a smile generally triggers pleasurable feedback and that distress prompts a comforting response.

Around 4-5 months, infants become sensitive to the structure and timing of face-to-face interactions, and they start too....

This is something that occurs with emotions 8-10 months in. It is actively seeking emotional information form a trusted person in an uncertain situation. Relying on others' emotional reactions to appraise situation. Caregivers can use this to teach children how to act.

____ _____ helps young children move beyond simply reacting to others' emotional messages. They use those signals to guide their own actions and to find out about others' intentions and preferences.

What are the self conscious emotions?

Emotions that involve injury to or enhancement of out sense of self

When we have harmed someone and want to correct the wrongdoing.

When we have negative feelings about our behavior and we want to retreat so others will no longer notice out feelings

Reflects delight in the self's achievements, and we are inclined to tell others what we have accomplished.

When do children become aware of self as separate and unique, and this requires adult instruction about when to feel emotions.

Refers to the strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

What does emotional self-regulation require?

Emotional self-regulation grows over the ____ year, with brain development, and caregivers contribute to child's self-regulation style.

Rapid development of the ___ _____ of the cerebral cortex increases the baby's tolerance for stimulation, and parents improve the capacity for the stimulation by initiating face-to-face play and attention to objects.

When we describe one person as cheerful and "upbeat" another as active and energetic, and still others as calm, cautious, or prone to angry outbursts, we are referring to _______.

Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

Refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

Refers to strategies that modify reactivity.

Who's nine dimensions served as the first influential model of temperament

What are the three 4 different classes of children and their percentages for the structure of temperament?

What is the self-regulatory dimension for temperament? The capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response

For the biological basis of temperament there are inhibited, shy children and uninhibited, Social children.
The ______ child reacts negatively, withdraws from stimuli, has high heart rates, stress hormones and stress symptoms, and higher right hemisphere frontal cortex.
The _____ child reacts positively, approaches new stimuli, has lower heart rates and stress hormones/symptoms, and higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity.

____________ develops with age.

The stability of of temperament is _____ to _____.

Stability of temperament is best indicated after age ____.

Factors that affect the extent to which a child's temperament remains stable are->

_______ ________ are responsible for about half of individual differences.

______ and ______ explain differences between cultures and boys and girls when concerning genetic influences. Boys are more active and daring, more irritable when frustrated, and slightly more impulsive. Girls have greater compliance, better school performance, and lower incidence of behavior problems.

What are some environmental influences that effect temperament?

Thomas and Chess proposed a _______ to describe how temperament and environment together can produce favorable outcomes. It involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament wile encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Effective parenting depends on what?

The strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pressure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.

Recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival

Birth to 6 weeks. Built in signals--grasping, smiling crying and gazing into adult's eyes. Help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans who comfort them. Babies recognize smell and voice but not yet attached

6 weeks - 6-8 months. Respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. Still not protest when separated, but begin to develop a sense of trust

Attachment to the familar caregiver is evident. Babies display separation anxiety, becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves.

Rapid growth in representation and language permits toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the parent's coming and going and to predict her return. As a result, separation protest declines. Now children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter her goals.

Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress.

A widely used lab procedure for assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age

60%-These infants use the parent as a secure base. When separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to the stranger.

15% These infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. when she leaves, they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as to the parent.

10% Before separation, these infants seek closeness to the parent and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed, and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior, sometimes hitting and pushing.

15% This pattern reflect the greatest insecurity. At reunion, the infants show confused, contradictory behaviors

Suitable for children between 1 and 4 years, depends on home observation. A security score is computed

Despite such cultural variations, the _____ is still the most common attachment quality in all societies studied.

What are the factors that might influence attachment security?

What 2 things does quality of caregiving consider?

Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly and carefully refers to?

Separated experiences of secure and insecure babies. It is best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance" in which the caregiver responds to infant signals in a well-timed, rhythmic, appropriate fashion

Family circumstances concerning factors that affect the attachment security is base on what?

Children tend to develop multiple attachments with who?

What are some things that could encourage affectionate ties between infants and their preschool siblings?

In many cultures fathers are seen as ____ and mothers are seen as _____.

What are some important factors in attachment with fathers?

What are some important things to consider when you have siblings?

As infants feel their own touch, and watch their limbs move, they experience what?

Occurs around age 2, identifying one's self as a individual being.

The ability to understand another's emotional state and feel with that person, or respond emotionally in a similar way

Showing clear awareness of caregivers wishes and expectations and can obey simple requests and commands.

Waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act.

Reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain-the individual's dominant cerebral hemisphere-to carry out skilled motor action

At the rear and base of the brain is the ______, a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement.

A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

An inner-brain structure that plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.

A large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

The ______, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

_____ is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.

Prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on body size.

A growth disorder that usually appears between ages 2 and 15. Typical characteristics include decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems. Caused by emotional deprivation

Infectious disease can be due to _______ and _______.

Because of their higher activity level and greater impulsivity and risk taking, boys are _____ times more likely to be injured than girls.

What are three attentions to family conditions that can prevent childhood injuries?

By age 2, preschoolers ___ become more smooth and rhythmic--secure enough that soon they leave the ground, at first by running and later jumping, hopping, galloping, and skipping.

What are the most common injuries during early and middle childhood?

A stage that spans the years 2 to 7.

Failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own.

Egocentrism is responsible for preoperational children's __________. The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions

Refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

mental actions that obey logical rules

When children focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other features.

The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences.

An inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.