sphere
the shape of the earth
hemisphere
half of a sphere
north, south, east, and west
cardinal directions
Irrigation
supplies land with water through pipes and ditches
Archeologist
people who study the tools, bones, and remains of ancient people
Glaciers
thick sheets of slow moving ice
Adobe
bricks made of mud and straw
Civilization
a population whose people share systems of trade, art, religion, and science
Totem pole
a carved log that is painted with symbols, called totems, of animals or people
Potlatch
a special feast at which guests receive gifts
Migrate
move from one area or region to another
Hogan
used by the southwest - a dome - shaped Navajo home made of a wooden frame covered with mud or sod
Lodge
a home made of logs covered with grasses, sticks, and soil
Travois
a sled that is dragged by people or animals
Wampum
polished beads made from shells that are woven together
Clans
groups or families that share the same ancestors
Iroquois League
organization of five iroquois groups to maintain peace among themselves
Profit
money that remains after the cost of running a business
Merchant
a person who makes their living buying and selling goods
Barter
to exchange goods for other goods rather than money
Navigation
finding direction and following routes at sea
Expedition
a journey with a special purpose
Colony
a region controlled by a distant country
Columbian Exchange
the movement of animals, plants, and disease across the Atlantic Ocean
Empire
several territories and nations ruled by one ruler or government
Conquistadors
a Spanish soldier who came to America in the 1500s
Northwest Passage
a water route which many Europeans in the 1500s believed connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
Merchant Company
a group of business people who shared the costs of a trading voyage
Ally
a political and military partner
Import
to bring in goods from another country for sale or use
Export
to send goods to another country
Charter
an official document that grants its holders special rights
Secondary Source
an account of the past based on information from primary sources and written by someone who was not an eye witness to those events
Primary Source
a first hand account of an event or an artifact created during the period of history that is being studied
Absolute Location
the exact location of a place expressed by longitude and latitude or street address
Lines of Latitude
an imaginary line, or parallel, measuring distance north or south of the equator
Profit
the money made on goods that exceeds the cost of production
meridian
a line of longitude east or west of Earth's Prime Meridian
Lines of Longitude
an imaginary line, or meridians, measuring distance east or west of the Prime Meridian
Prime Meridian
line of longitude labeled 0 degrees longitude
parallel
a line of latitude
Northwest Passage
a water route believed to flow through North America to Asia
travois
a type of sled that is dragged to move supplies and meat back to camp
teepee
a cone-shaped tent made from animal hides and wooden poles and used by Native Americans of the Plains
Intermediate Directions
northeast, southeast, southwest, and southeast
Christopher Columbus
an Italian that sailed for Spain, sailed the "wrong" direction and reached an island in North America
John Cabot
He discovered an area of the Atlantic Ocean Southeast of Newfoundland. The area was crowded with fish they were able to scoop them up and made a lot of money off them.
Juan Ponce de Leon
He sailed for Spain and was searching for a Fountain of Youth. He landed in Florida, the 'place of flowers'.