Microbiology with Diseases by Body System: Microbiology Unit 3 Flashcards

temperature (dentures proteins)
moisture
filtration
safety cabinets
osmotic pressure
radiation
chemicals

microbes that are supposed to be present in the environment or on a surface.

a disinfectant safe enough for use on the skin

microbes that are transferred from objects or surfaces to the skin

used to clean inanimate objects

to reduce the population of microbes normally through chemicals

the four safety levels in labs dealing with pathogens

mostly environmental microbes or normal flora
Not much of a risk to handle
non-pathogenic

can cause infection but work with such small populations it never really poses a threat
must still use good aseptic technique to minimize the amount of contamination of objects

work with massive quantities of pathogenic microbes (can be a larger quantity of BSL-2)
must work in a more clean and secure environment
may need some vaccinations prior to the lab
need to use good aseptic technique

No vaccines or treatment for microbial infections
must use barrier protection
survival rate is very small if contaminated

causes typhoid fever and salmonellosis
can be associated with contaminated water or milk cultures

high fever and enters a coma

aka food poisoning
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever

water chlorination
milk pasteurization
detection of diseased persons
preventative vaccination
antibiotic therapy
Sewage treatment plants improvements

hand washing prior to surgery (decline in infection rates)
heat sterilization of surgical instruments
application of phenol (carbolic acid) to wounds
antiseptic and disinfectants during surgery
improved survival rate

device that gets to at least 121 degrees Celsius to clean instruments within the device

steamed heat under pressure

the comparative standard for new disinfectants

"against infection"
used to minimize bacterial growth of any sort

removing germs by scrubbing with aseptic soap to reduce transient and residential flora

cleaning up using a cleaner to reduce the population of microbes.
ex. soap and solvents

71.2 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds

killing of or elimination all (hazardous) microbes in or on a device

referring to bacteria

referring to fungi

referring to viruses

killing (chemicals are normally used)

slowing down growth enough to allow immune system to fight off or remove

relative susceptibility of microorganisms

high, intermediate, & low

their effectiveness

a chemical used to kill germs

most resistant microbes
almost impossible to destroy but not easily found or transmitted

found in the middle of the spectrum between most resistant and least resistant

some of the easiest microbes to destroy

only a few minutes needed to kill majority of microbes

longer than the high temp, but may be necessary for certain substances that cant withstand the extreme temps

denaturation of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbs
interference with cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall

lowest temperature that kills all cells in broth in 10 minutes
(highly standardized)

time to sterilize volume of liquid at a set temperature
(tries to find ideal time and temp)

reduce the number of microbes present to a small value
D-value time to require at a given temperature to kill 90% of the organisms being studied (reducing to a small number)

denatures
destroys cytoplasmic membranes

moist heat

because the water in the moist heat is good at absorbing choleric heat energy that can then be transferred

boiling
autoclaving
pasteuization
ultra-high temp. sterilization

100 degrees Celsius

121 degrees Celsius, 15 lb/in. squared.
this is the standard it is not the only autoclaving procedure

72 (71.2) degrees Celsius for 15 seconds

oven
incinerator

170 degrees Celsius for 2 hours

56 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes

causes a decrease in microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction (similar to hibernation)
may lead to desiccation and lyophilization

drying and removing water

freeze drying
they freeze the microbes and remove the water through a vacuum

take a solution and use a membrane filter to siphon out microbes including viruses
helps to determine if microbes are present
the only thing allowed through is sterile liquid

keeps the field and environment clean and helps prevent the transmission of bacteria to the person using the hood

limit entrance and exit of bacteria

is constant and should not be obstructed

BSL 1, 2, & 3

BSL 1, 2, & 3

BSL 4

osmotic pressure
radiation

how much water and chemical is inside and outside of the cell

changing the osmotic pressure in or out of the cell

lots of chemical within
(salt, sugars, etc)

water leaving the cell
desiccation

water enters the cell
lysis

x-rays
gamma rays

the most powerful source of sterilizing

UV rays

it is still powerful, but item must be exposed for a longer period of time to be sterilized

less powerful

more powerful

surface sterilization

penetrating surfaces

phenol & phenolics
halogens
alcohol
heavy metals

AKA carbolic acid
was first antiseptic used in surgery
now used as the golden standard for antiseptics to be compared to

Idophores (iodine and betodine)
Bleach (chlorine)
Bromine gas

can be an antiseptic

because it begins to break down every 24 hours, and must be reapplied

an antiseptic but very corrosive

silver, mercury, and copper

natural antiseptic

quantified killing power of a standard quality control organism
the higher the number the more effective it is

soaps (alkaline),
detergents (dissolve cell membranes)
quats (can rub the microbes away)

soap

babies

formaldehyde

change the pH

chlorine

in its gaseous state

peroxides and ozone

they can attack and break down parts of the organism

popular use as a disinfectant in health professions & is fairly strong but some opportunistic microbes can use this as a food source and continue to grow.

a microbe that takes the opportunity to cause an infection (at the wrong place at the wrong time) & has adapted to use the human skin tissue as a food source

Pseudomonas (microbe found in soil and water)
can be transferred by contact.

in some wounds (especially extensively burned patients)
in soil and water
in buckets of disinfectants

chemicals produced by frank pathogens that cause pathological changes

the #1 cause of a wound infection
will produce a pale white pus
is a frank pathogen

an obligate
if there is enough present at the right time it will cause infection

produces a blue-green pus

(tube) dilution test & filter paper-disk diffusion

also used for antibiotic testing
looking for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
dilutions of select disinfectants are inoculated with a controlled amount of microbes, incubated, and looked at for the minimum amount of disinfectant needed to have no visible growth

a highly standardized procedure (pH of agar, correct depth, etc..) disks are placed in the disinfectant concentrate & placed on the agar plate. for results you look at the area of the growth of the zone of inhibition (measured in mm) tests for effectiveness and susceptibility of a bacteria to a disinfectant

fast acting
only effective against microorganisms (safe enough to use on skin and work surfaces)
deep penetrating without damage to surface
stable, easy to prepare
inexpensive & easy to use
smell pleasant

european methodology
uses a dilution procedure in timed intervals that is spread on to separate agar plates and incubated to see possible growth of microbes after incubation

bacterium + chemical => sub culture => determine viability by turbidity

environmental check before and after use of disinfectants and cleaning
reality check
sample everything (where microbes hide) & then clean & then swab same areas again. Compare results
ideally everything should be gone

chemotherapy

the chemist the proposed the "Magic Bullet"
1910 Salvarsan
Coined the term chemotherapy

the idea that somewhere on Earth there is a chemical magic bullet that can reverse any infection

a chemical used to treat infections caused by Treponema palladium
although helpful, it is made with arsenic so it is toxic
FIRST SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIAL

causes syphilis

found lysozyme and penicillin (1928) useful against bacteria

an enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan (the building blocks of bacterial cell walls)

mold growing on bacteria
wasn't very stable in its natural state

the biochemist that figured out how to create penicillin in a stable state to be used for treatment

the physician who was the first to use penicillin as a form of treatment

1932- synthesized Prontosil and sulfa drugs that could be sprinkled on battlefield wounds to prevent infections

1940-1948
a soil microbiologist who used extracts from the soil and fungi to produce actinomycin, streptomycin, & neomycin.

first antimicrobial to treat tuberculosis

used in skin ointment

the working part of penicillin that interferes with peptidoglycan formation in bacteria

antibacterial made by fungi to kill or inhibit bacteria

first historic species to produce penicillin

used in modern manufacturing of penicillin
(produced penicillin in a greater quantity than P. notatum)

chemically altered antibiotics that are more effective than naturally occurring ones

antimicrobials that are completely synthesized in a lab

Salvarsan & sulpha drugs

readily available
inexpensive
chemically stable
easily administered
nontoxic & nonallergenic
selectively toxic against a wide range of pathogens

selective toxicity
a spectrum of activity
mode of action
minimal side effects
minimal drug resistance from microorganisms

targeting the bug not the patient
drug kills the microorganism not the host

very distant from toxic dosage level

both gram positive and gram negative bacteria are targeted

a select few species ( or all species in one genus) are targeted

inhibition of cell wall synthesis (BEST ONE!)
disruption of membrane function
inhibition of protein synthesis
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

penicillin derivative that is acid resistant

penicillin derivative that is penicillinase resistant

penicillin derivative that is acid & penicillinase resistant

quinolones interfere with malaria parasites (deadliest parasite)
heavy metals inactivate enzymes (ex. silver, mercury, lead) problem: very toxic
antiparasitics disrupt tubulin polymerization & glucose uptake in parasitic protozoa & worms (destroys motility structure and starves parasite)

competitive inhibitors (sulfa drugs & trimethoprim)
look like enzymes such as Para-aminobenzic acid
bacteriostatic

slow organism growth so the microorganism can be flushed out by the body or scrubbed away.

slow down the viruses so the immune system can take over.
medicines target viruses metabolisms, but the best way is to prevent viral entry into a cell.

viruses grow inside our cells so it is hard to target them with an antiviral

could interfere with influenza

not a huge arsenal because of the similarities to our cell structures.
difficult to get past additional barrier that fungi have (fungal cell wall)
medicines target cell wall synthesis, plasma membrane synthesis, and nucleic acid formation

topical
oral
intramuscular
intravenous

takes a few days to reach therapeutic level, but can be easily administered at home

hits microbes with a high therapeutic level quickly, but must be given in a health care facility

very high therapeutic level that is maintained consistently, but it must be given and monitored in a health care facility

Drugs may be toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves
It may or may not be safe during pregnancy
possible allergic reactions including anaphylactic shock

severe allergic reaction that is life threatening because the air ways begin to close

secondary infections and superinfections can occur

an antimicrobial agent is so powerful that is has killed the microbe and has also significantly decreased the normal flora allowing space for new microbes to invade without protection

attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes

puts a pore in the cytoplasmic membrane so the cells loses all of its content

humans could be susceptible because cholesterol is so similar to ergosterol the bacteria may attack the human cells

bacteria lack sterols so they are not susceptible to this drug

block the inhibition of translation & cause the misreading of mRNA

block the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome

prevent continuation of protein synthesis

prevents peptide bonds from being formed

causes candidiasis, thrush, & vaginitis

causes pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of the colin at the surface of the membrane. causes constant diarrhea)

acquisition of R-plasmids by transformation, transduction, or conjugation

new mutations of the chromosomal genes

interfere with the formation of peptide side chains between adjacent strands of peptidoglycan by inhibiting penicilling-binding proteins (peptide chains are broken)
alters the cell wall stability

interferes with the transport of peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane (the building blocks)
alters plasma membrane and cell wall

penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, bacitracin, isoniazid, & ethambutol

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, & macrolides

pathogens can acquire resistance to more than one drug by transferring the resistance to different genre of organisms

the genes in the extra chromosomal fragments are transferred

eliminated sensitive cells causing superbugs, cross resistance, and resistance to antimicrobial drugs

resistant to more than one drug or resistant to all the drugs in the same family

first well-known resistant bacteria

maintain a high concentration of drug in patient for sufficient time
(kills all sensitive cells and inhibits others so the immune system can destroy)
Use antimicrobial agents in combination (two is better than one)

combining drugs to assemble a greater affect than just hitting with one drug

drugs that work against one another (want to avoid)

use antimicrobials when necessary
develop new variations of existing drugs
search for new drugs
use bacteriocins

bacteria made substance used to kill other bacteria

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
ETest

filter paper disc is placed on a bacterial lawn.
interpretative chart must be used to look at the zone of inhibition
Problem: technically difficult & only interprets outcome of what serum drug level is needed (doesn't tell for any other specific body fluids)

tubes lined up from most concentrated to least concentrated & exact number of bacterial cells is added to each tube
looking for the minimum concentration to have no turbidity seen in the tube (good for all body fluids)

one step farther than MIC
looking for bacteria in the clear tube
Subculture with no growth confirms the MIC
No growth must occur on the agar plate

a piece of membrane filter with varying concentrations of the drug are present
MIC value would be where the growth stops on the agar plate
helps to determine drug & dosage needed

reserved for patients who are not responding to an antibacterial
they take samples of the patients serum and infuse the agar plate with the pathogen to see what is going on

company that manufactures things for micro lab that need to be very small; so small a light can be shown through them to record info

common unicellular & multicellular
macroscopic & range in functionality including pathogenic
divided into classes by motility

Ameboid cells such as Entamoeba histolytica and Naegleria fowleri
move by "false feet" that stretch out their plasma membrane and stick it on to a surface and pull itself that way

can affect the digestion tract (mainly intestines) & cause diarrhea, colitis, & dysentary in amoebic form
thru oral-fecal transmission
can easily migrate to the liver or peritoneal cavity (triggers inflammation response)

a trophozoite

soft shell made of just the cytoplasmic membrane & you can see pseudopodia
susceptible to drugs in this form

encapsulated form that has a very sturdy structure, is very spherical, and is the most difficult to treat

thermophile that is the primary cause of amoebic meningitis
found in warm, untreated stagnant water
migrates to the CNS via the oral cavity
100% mortality rate

primary cause of protozoan vaginitis
can also cause prolonged postpartum fever, endometritis, premature rupture of membranes, & cytological changes in the cervical cell morphology

no cyst forms
no mitochondria
most curable STD
lemon shaped with 2 pairs of flagella

using a "hanging drop" wet mount - a drop of liquid with the organism is placed on a cover slip & suspended to be viewed (can also use a wet mount and get the same results)

cells that move by flagella

moves by flagella
tear drop shape with 2 nuclei
no mitochondria
AKA backpacker's diarrhea, or bever fever

trophozoite and cyst forms
trophs are tear drop in shape
they look like they are starring back

gin & tonic
cocktail introduced by the army of the British East Indian Company in India

the tonic water contains the chemical quinine, which helps prevent malaria

Plasmodium vivax
P. falciparum
P. malaria
P. ovale
P. knowlesi

most common cause of malaria

most lethal carrier of malaria
urine is black or brown
AKA "black water fever" or "malignant tertian malaria"

rare malaria in occurrence

newest malaria in humans (used to only be found in animals)

more common in a specific geographic location & has ideal conditions for a particular disease

symptoms occur every 2-3 days along with fever and chills

causes malaria
egyptians described symptoms in 3000 BC
is an intracellular parasite
a biological vector (insect facilitates transfer of disease)

anopheles mosquito (female)
they are the most likely to carry malaria

has a ring feature (not much cytoplasm)
will eat the innards of the red blood cell
its life cycle goes from the red blood cells to the liver.

definitive host: intestines of cats
Intermediate hosts: mammals and birds (accidentally transmitted & does not stay in intestines, it migrates)
extraintestinal (humans- brain, heart, skeletal muscle)
oral-fecal or organ transplant & transplacental transmission
forms cysts that can be ingested and cause infection

leading cause of spontaneous abortion due to protozoan parasite (pregnant women should avoid cleaning cat litter boxes)
could be infected for the rest of your life

fecal oocyst in fecal & muscle of animals we eat, food, & water

transplanted tissue, in our muscles and organs, & abortion

"T"- Toxoplasma (protozoan)
"O"- others
"R"- Rubella
"C"- Cytomegalovirus
"H"- Herpesvirus

rubella
cytomegalovirus
herpesvirus

chemicals that target developing fetal tissue & damage it

handwashing & throughly cooking meat

protozoan pathogen
causes chagas disease (aka american trypanosomiasis)
endemic throughout much of mexico, central america, and south america

a disease that is located in a specific geographical region

caused by triatomine bug (aka kissing bug)
causes an acute and a chronic disease
20-30% of infected people will develop debilitating or life-threatening conditions in the heart, liver, and spleen
display Romana's sign

inflammatory response and swelling from the kissing bug

rounded bodied worms that are long, thin, and tube shaped

flat, segmented bodied worms
ex. tape worm

WASHING YOUR HANDS!

roundworm
largest, most common parasite found in humans (1,000,000,000 people infected)
causes ascaris pneumonia
can burrow through tissue (dragging along bacteria from intestines)
dioecious
MIGERATES

eggs, larvae, fertilized eggs

finding the worm, deposit fertilized & unfertilized eggs, & larva]

larger than the males
a result of the female carrying all of the eggs

two separate sexes

larvae migration causing hemorrhage and edema in lungs

caused by ascaris lumbricoides blocking the intestinal tract (large mass of communities of worms)
notorious for migration

ascaris lumbricoides
patients in surgical recovery rooms have had worms migrate from the small intestine through the stomach and out of a patients nose, mouth, or even tracheotomy tubes

pinworm
infects about 400,000,000 people world wide
"D" shaped infective eggs

eggs of perianal folds, larvae inside & eggs

entire life cycle is in the human host
female lays eggs at night around the perianal region causing an inflammatory response and the urge to itch

use Graham sticky tape method (aka "scotch tape" method)
repeat 3-5 times
the fertilized eggs are sticky and easily transferred

dont go barefoot in the woods!

aka north american hook worm or creeping nematodes
has infective larvae
burrows through host skin, passes from blood stream, to lung to digestive tract where they live in the intestine of the host
adapted to go back and forth from lungs to digestive tract
latch onto intestines

cook meat hot!

causes trichinosis
infective encysted larvae in the meat from a pig
need a biopsy to confirm trichinosis

reproduce in the small intestine
eggs hatch (stomach uncovers cyst form)
larvae migrate especially to skeletal muscle

white blood cells that respond to allergies & parasites
normal level- 0%-5%
25%-70% increase in level due to a parasite

tapeworms
cestoda
parasitic

scolex
proglottids
hermaphroditic

longest worm - up to 30 feet

head of tapeworm
has a circle of hooks & suction cups to latch on

segments in the worm (relatively loose connection that will tear easily)

both sex organs are present in each segment

beef tapeworm

pork tapeworm

eating undercooked meat or touching undercooked meat and not properly washing your hands

worse than taenia saginata

to see segments in the stool

larvae in cow and pig muscle
oncosphere in cysticerci

fertilized eggs and segments

infective larvae in the muscle of an animal

infective cysticercus in raw or undercooked pork or beef muscle
adults tend to stay in the intestines, but other areas of the body including the leg can also be infected with cysticerci

infection with cysticerci

larval tape worm in the brain causing headaches, migraines, passing out, and seizures
treated with drugs or removal of the worms through surgery

receive relatively little attention through devotion to their surveillance, prevention, and/or treatment

Chagas disease - trypanosoma cruzi
Cysticercosis - taenia solium
Toxocariasis - toxocara canis (less commonly toxocara cati)
Toxoplasmosis - toxoplasma gondii
Trichomoniasis - trachomonas vaginalis

caused by trypanosoma cruzi

caused by taenia solium
leading cause of epilepsy among hispanics in the US

caused by toxocara canis (less commonly toxocara cati)

caused by toxoplasma gondii

caused by trachomonas vaginalis

protect people from health threats from things such as neglected parasites

increasing awareness among physicians and the public
synthesizing the existing data to help better understand these infections
improve diagnostic testing
advising treatment, including distributing otherwise unavailable drugs for certain infections (Chagas disease)

Toxocariasis cani
phylum: nematoda
zoonotic disease
located worldwide
definitive host: dogs
Intermediate host: none
accidental host: humans and other mammals
children are more susceptible than adults

a disease passed from animals to humans (especially from mammals)

the feline form of toxocarasis

intestines (ingested eggs)
Transplacenta
transmammary

puppies born with infection
puppies less than 5 weeks
humans (in the heart, liver, lung, brain, muscle, or eye)

eggs and larva

eggs, larva, & tracks on skin

ocular larvae migration (OLM)
visceral larvae migration (VLM)

caused by larva migration to the retina

caused by the movement of worm larvae throughout various organs of the body

treat dogs, especially puppies, regularly for worms
good hygiene practices when handling animals
don't let children play in areas dogs are allowed to defecate
teach children not to eat dirt or soil