motor neurons innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body cavities
operate via subconscious control(of basal functions)
relatively limited sensory function to autonomic nervous system

divisions of the ANS
both principally motor but have opposite affects with some exceptions where parasympathetic does not affect this area

effectors, efferent pathways(and neurotransmitters), target organ responses to neurotransmitters
very specific targets. they both leave the medulla/spinal cord and go to the target organs where they exert their effect

Somatic: skeletal muscles
ANS: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

voluntary motor neuron. takes two motor neurons to exert effect. exits go directly to the target. Highly mylenated
Class A fibers

takes either two or one neuron to reach the target(depending on circumstances). slow than voluntary
class b and c fibers here.
B: the neuron comes off the spinal cord (preganglionic fiber)
C: postganglionic fiber

galglion between the two motor neurons.
both b and c fibers. most originate from cranial nerves
Exceptions: sacral spinal nerves

almost all visceral organs are served by both divisions, but they cause opposite effects

Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy
relaxation(blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration low)
"rest and digest"

Fight or Flight response

promotes adjustments during exercise/threatened(raised blood pressure, respiration and liver releases glucose)

all have preganglionic neurons that fire onto postganglionic neurons that then fire onto the muscle

cranial nerve lengths vary in postganglionic fibers

cranial outflow
effector: eye

cranial outflow
effector: salivary, nasal and lacrimal glands

cranial outflow
effector: parotid salivary gland

cranial outflow
effector: heart, lungs, and most visceral organs
important for heart rate

sacral outflow
effector: large intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, and reproductive organs
maintains blood flow to genetalia (erection cannot occur without this)

strictly spinal nerves.
runs from t1 to l2
fairly clean.
all nerves leave spinal cord and come to a ganglionic trunk
can travel up or down the trunk and synapse onto a postganglionic fiber
can also pass right through and travel to another ganglion

blood vessels are the exception to the rule. sympathetic control blood vessels. parasympathetic has very little to do with blood vessels with one exception: genetalia

(both parasympathetic and sympathetic regulate blood flow in the genetalia)

leave from the ventral root
don't simply follow nerve. travel to the ganglionic trunk
two clusters of nerve that travel from the spinal nerve to the ganglionic trunk
White ramus is the neuron that is coming off the ventral root and comes out to the ganglionic trunk(preganglionic fiber)
gray raums comes from the ganglionic trunk(postganglionic fibers)

isolated ganglia. goes to the ganglionic trunk and keeps going to another ganglia where it can synapse onto its postsynaptic fiber
always leaves through the ventral root

separates through the nerve through the white ramus(because its mylenated)
ganglionic trunk it has three options to get to the postganglionic fiber which then goes to the target organ

ACH and NE

lowers heart rate. preganglionic fiber always secrets

only thing secreted with parasympathetic at both the pre and postganglionic fibers

has 12-15 receptors it can bind to
most abundant neurotransmitter in the nervous system

causes increased heart rate
only the sympathetic system can secrete NE parasympathetic system cant do anything with NE

has 5 receptors

Nicotinic and muscarinic(named after the drugs that activated them)

found in skeletal. universally excitation
will stimulate EPSP(excitatory postsynaptic potential)

sweat glands.
large variety
in some cases excitatory and in other inhibitory

Five distinct
two subcategories(Alpha and Beta)

B1: found in the muscle of the heart(increase heart rate when bound to NE)
B2: found in the heart's blood vessels(coronary) inhibitory causes smooth muscles in blood vessels to relax and dilate to allow more blood flow

B3: activate fat tissue from adipose

A1: blood vessels in the systemic parts of the body(kidneys, liver, stomach, muscles) excitatory constriction within the arteries

True

controls blood pressure even at rest.

keeps the blood vessels in continual state of partial constriction

as long as its firing it will continue to constrict. if it slows down, the relaxation will start

slows the heart, dictates normal activity levels of the digestive and urinary tracts

associated with when we are at rest(below 100 bpm)
dominant when at rest; still sympathetic regulation during this time

frequency of firing allows changes in heart rate in the parasympathetic system

for reproduction to occur you have to have both systems
parasympathetic increases blood flow for erection
sympathetic: ejaculation

metabolism, mobilizing the nutrients, sympathetic mobilizes fat

thermoregulatory response to heat
releases of renin from the kidneys

parasympathetic: short-lived and localized
sympathetic: long-lasting, body wide effects)