Microbiology with Diseases by Body System: Microbiology Unit 2 Flashcards

has two extra neutrons and results in an unstable nucleus that will undergo beta decay.

1 proton, a beta particle, and energy

used to measure the levels (concentration) of H+ ions in a solution

-log10 [H+]

7

one H+ and one OH-
H+ = OH-
neutral pH

has a higher concentration of H+ than OH-

has a higher concentration of OH- than H+

0-14
No unit qualifiers

logarithmic scale

acidic

basic

interact and form chemical bonds (chemical reactions)
important role in the structure and function of the molecule

OH (oxygen and hydrogen)

molecules containing hydroxyl groups

methanol
wood alcohol
used as a preservative

ethyl
drinkable alcohol
used as a decolorizer

isopropyl
rubbing alcohol
used as a decolorizer

combination of methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl alcohol

CO
carbon and oxygen (double covalent bond)

terminal carbonyl

internal carbonyl

a tail

centered between 2 ends

COOH
one carbonyl group + one hydroxyl group

H+ donor
organic acid

NH2

amino-group molecules

weak bases
H+ acceptor

PO4

lots of negative charge
interactive functional group
(how much potential energy is available to do work = free energy released)

SH
sulfer atom attached to a hydrogen

any molecule that has a sulfhydryl group

archae bacteria use as a source of food
found in skunk odors, rotten eggs, and trash
use an iron indicator to determine

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

often polar/hydrophilic
have glycosidic bonds

when placed in water they will develop a partial positive or negative charge

"water loving"
interacts easily with water

same molecular formula but different chemical structure

glucose, fructose, and galactose

link 2 or more monosaccharides (covalent bond)

monosaccharides

glucose, and fructose

glycerol

mannitol

deoxyribose (H) & ribose (OH)

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

sugar storage in plants

sugar storage in animals

cell wall material for plants

link 2 or more monosaccharides (covalent bonds)

are often non polar and hydrophobic

composed of carbons and hydrogens
contain less oxygen than carbohydrates

no distribution of charge

avoids water

neutral lipids
phospholipids
steroids
oils
waxes

construct of biological membranes

linkage between fatty acid and glycerol

cholesterol
testosterone
estrogen
Vitamin D

releases water as a product

a four ring structure

2/3 - fatty acid attachment (hydrophobic)
1/3 - other charged side group (hydrophilic)

in an aqueous solution

single layer of phospholipids that have formed a compartment

2 layers of non polar fatty acids tails facing each other
AKA lipid bilayer

have the greatest diversity of structure

covalent bonds between 2 or more peptides

peptide bonds
looks like a straight cord

begins to coil and fold
looks like a coiled phone cord

alpha helix (curly cord)
beta-plated sheet (fan-like)

tanged coiled and folds
due to interactions of side groups

oxygen holding molecule
may have non-protein (prosthetic group) or metal ions attached (captures oxygen)

ex. hemoglobin
each have their own prosthetic group

rounded
ex. hemoglobin & moglobin

linear
ex. collagen

scaffolding (gives cell shape and passageways)
transport
molecular motors
motility
enzymes
defenses
receptors/ligands

range of minimum, optimum, and maximum

minimum and maximum

maximum & become irreversibly damaged

when you exceed temp. and pH maximum, there is a loss of biological activity
a typical protein that goes through this will not regain activity

contains anabolic and catabolic pathways

sum of all biochemical reactions

biosynthesis
taking small molecules & free energy & making things the cell could use

taking a large molecule & breaking it down releasing small molecules & free energy

beta oxidation

glycolysis

amino acid catabolism

structured to facilitate the change of substrate (reactant) by presence of an active site to combined enzyme-substrate complex to product

specificity for substrate

very specific for substrate has a flexible fit

help form or break chemical bonds
can participate in multiple chemical reactions
reactions occur with less energy used
reactions occur faster

the amount of energy required

-ase & -zyme

inhibitors and activators

where the substrate fits

derived from vitamins

derived from minerals

scaffolding to which everything is attached to (usually protein and a small amount of RNA)

similar shape to block active site; metabolism is stopped

attach themselves to allosteric site and changes the shape of the active site

not dependent upon the presence of oxygen
1.) substrate phosphorylation from ATP (ATP converted to ADP)
2.) breaking a 6-carbon molecule, glucose, into 2-3 carbon molecules
3.) transfer of 2 electrons to NAD (turns in to NADH+)
4.) capture energy in ATP

source of PO4 (phosphate groups)

kinase phosphorylates (attached to a phosphate atom)

Glucose - P => Fructose - P

2 net yield of NADH
2 net yield of ATP (substrate phosphorylation)
2 pyruvate

removal of a phosphate

transferred from one organic molecule to another

fermentation & TCA & respiration

produces lactic acid

Lactobacillus & streptococcus

produces ethyl alcohol & CO2

saccharomyces (yeast)

produces acetic acid, succinct acid, ethyl alcohol, CO2, & hydrogen

escherichia, acetobacter, shigella

produces propionic acid, acetic acid, & CO2

Propionibacterium
swiss cheese

produces butanedial & CO2

enterobacter & klebsiella

produces butyric acid butanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and CO2

clostridium
solvents & gangreeene

yeast => lactic acid bacteria => acetic acid bacteria

reduces bitterness
saccharomyces cerevisiae

lactobacillus & streptococcus

3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 GTP <=> ATP - substrate phosphorlaytion
12 net ATP

electron pairs donated from NADH and FADH2
electron transport and terminal electron acceptor = oxygen or inorganic molecule (If anaerobic)
proton motive force used to make ATP
ADP + Pi (ATPsynthase) yields ATP

movement of hydrogen ions (protons) increase changes pH (acidic)

to move back into the cell.

use inorganic phosphate groups

catabolism of a neutral lipid (separates glycerol backbone and shuttles it into glycolysis)

manufacture acetyl-COa from 2 carbon units. transported by coenzyme a

12 ATP

enzyme that breaks down lipids

breaks down proteins

microbes cleaning up

environment returning to normal due to cleaning

removing carboxyl group
leaves a two carbon group to be given to krebs cycle

building molecules, manufacturing amino acids, carbohydrates, nitrogenous bases (almost every intermediate)

special enzymes that use ATP & release light (locate in specific structures)
ex. angler fish

time it takes to grow from one generation to the next (one cell to two cells)
normally about 20-30 minutes

no change in number of bacteria (internally active)

cell development (rapid increase in numbers)

same number of cells dying that are being produced

more cells dying than are being produced

Petro F-Hauser counting chambers - specialized gritted slides that we place a known amount of bacteria
problem: only know number or absent or presence of bacteria, not alive or not

qualitative (quadrant streak) & qualitative (urine streak)
answers yes or no for bacteria

has a ton of pores placed in a funnel & liquid is vacuumed through
anything trapped on the surface is placed on an agar plate, which can be colonized & counted
liquid in the bottom is sterilized
used in water and waste water management

cloudiness of a liquid that could be due to microorganisms (shine light through to determine blockage of light)

determine presence of microbes in water or liquid
based on statistical numbers and estimates
different concentrations
incubate and look for turbidity

cold lover 4 to 30 degrees Celsius

body temp
35-37 degrees celsius

40 to 60 degrees celsius

80 to 110 degrees celsius

below pH of 7

above pH of 7

hot
often grows in sulferous, acidic environment (yellow stone)

cold

grows under extreme pressure

methanococcus jannaschii

must have oxygen for growth

growth of the organism at the top

cellular or aerobic respiration
terminal electron acceptor = oxygen

oxygen required but may be used
most versital and thus most often associated with causing disease

38 ATP

2 ATP

oxygen is not used
cloudiness is the same throughout

fermentation

oxygen kills these anaerobes
no growth in the oxygen rich zone

fermentation

obligate anaerobe causes tetanus (lockjaw)

requires less oxygen
2% - 6% oxygen required

fermentation and cellular respiration

"carbon dioxide loving"
5% CO2

neisseria species
causes gohnorreia

biological molecules that contain carbon

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

molecules that do not contain carbon

C6 H12 06

linkages made between the atoms in molecules

a nucleus orbited by negatively charged electrons

positively charged

no charge

protons and neutrons

result from the electrostatic attraction between two ions of opposite charge

they have lost or gained an electron

ion with a positive charge
lost an electron

ion with a negative charge
gained an electron

forms when electron pairs between two atoms are shared

weak H to O or H to N attractions between different molecules

in the formation of a wide variety of biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA)

AKA sulfer bridge
is a single covalent bond between two sulfur containing atoms

a sulphur containing amino acid