Which of the following angles is required for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
A. 5 degrees caudad
B. 5 degrees cephalad
C. 15 degrees caudad
D. 15 degrees cephalad
D. 15 degrees cephalad
What is the name of the process that projects downward from the base of the transverse process of a typical vertebra?
A. Lamina
B. Pedicle
C. Spinous process
D. Inferior articular process
D. Inferior articular process
The inferior articular process joins with the superior articular process to form a zygapophyseal joint.
What is the purpose of having the patient flex his knees for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?
A. Better visualization of disk spaces
B. Intervertebral foramen seen better
C. Eliminates spine distortion
D. More comfortable
A. Better visualization of disk spaces
By flexing the knees, the small of the back comes in contact with the table and reduces some of the natural curvature of the lumbar spine. This makes the intervertebral disk spaces more visible.
The spinal cord terminates at the level of which vertebra?
A. 12th thoracic
B. 2nd lumbar
C. 5th lumbar
D. 1st sacral
B. 2nd lumbar
The spinal cord terminates at the level of L1-L2 with a tapered end called the conus medullaris.
What is the name of the joint between the two pubic bones?
A. Acetabulum
B. Hip joint
C. Pelvic joint
D. Symphysis pubis
D. Symphysis pubis
The condition where the body of L5 slips forward on top of S1 is known as what?
A. Annulus fibrosis
B. Slipped disk
C. Spondylolisthesis
D. A compression fracture
C. Spondylolisthesis
Any forward slipping of one vertebra on the one below it is called spondylolisthesis. It most often occurs at L5-S1.
What is the posterior, bony ring of a typical vertebra called?
A. Pedicle
B. Lamina
C. Vertebral body
D. Vertebral arch
D. Vertebral arch
The typical vertebra consists of two main parts, the body and the vertebral arch. The vertebral arch forms an opening called the vertebral foramen.
What is the name of the process that projects upward form the body of the second cervical vertebra?
A. Spinous
B. Dens
C. Transverse
D. Superior
B. Dens
When viewed in anatomic position, what type of natural curve is found in the thoracic spine?
A. Concave
B. Convex
C. Scoliotic
D. Myoptic
A. Concave
What position/projection is necessary to demonstrate the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine?
A. PA or AP axial obliques
B. AP open mouth
C. Lateral
D. Swimmers
A. PA or AP axial obliques
When viewed from the anatomic position, the natural curve of the lumbar spine is classified as what type?
A. Concave
B. Convex
C. Spondylotic
D. Scoliotic
B. Convex
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A. 11
B. 21
C. 31
D. 41
C. 31
What is the name of the spongy pad that lies between the vertebrae?
A. Spinous disk
B. Intervertebral disk
C. Herniated disk
D. Intralumbar disk
B. Intervertebral disk
Which of the following anatomical parts is NOT related to the others?
A. Symphysis pubis
B. Ischial spine
C. Iliac crest
D. Ileum
D. Ileum
Which of the following passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae?
A. Carotid artery
B. Jugular vein
C. Vertebral artery
D. Subclavian artery
C. Vertebral artery
What is the name of the upper, curved border of the ilium called?
A. Ischial tuberosity
B. Iliac crest
C. Iliac spine
D. Anterior superior iliac spine
B. Iliac crest
The AP pelvis projection requires the lower extremities to be placed in which position?
A. Internally rotated
B. Externally rotated
C. Flexed
D. Adducted
A. Internally rotated
How many degrees and in what direction should the tube be angled for an AP axial projection of the cervical spine?
A. 20 degrees cephalad
B. 20 degrees caudad
C. 30 degrees cephalad
D. 30 degrees caudad
A. 20 degrees cephalad
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 12
D. 24
C. 12
The brain and the spinal cord make up which part of the nervous system?
A. Sympathetic
B. Autonomic
C. Central
D. Peripheral
C. Central
Where should the top of the cassette be placed for an AP pelvis projection?
A. Level of iliac crest
B. Level of ASIS
C. 2" above iliac crest
D. Between iliac crest and symphysis
C. 2" above iliac crest
How much must the patient be obliqued in order to visualize the zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine?
A. 30 degrees
B. 45 degrees
C. 70 degrees
D. 90 degrees
C. 70 degrees
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 12
D. 26
A. 5
Spina bifida is caused by which of the following?
A. Pedicles not fusing to the body
B. Pedicles not fusing with the laminae
C. Posterior laminae not fusing
D. Laminae and transverse processes fused
C. Posterior laminae not fusing
Which of the following is NOT a part of a typical lumbar vertebra?
A. Body
B. Spinous process
C. Transverse foramen
D. Inferior articulating process
C. Transverse foramen
Which of the following projects posteriorly off the two laminae of a typical vertebra?
A. Transverse process
B. Superior articulating process
C. Inferior articulating process
D. Spinous process
D. Spinous process
What is the technical name for the "Adam's apple"?
A. Pharynx
B. Larynx
C. Epiglottis
D. Thyroid cartilage
D. Thyroid cartilage
What is another name for the first cervical vertebra?
A. Odontoid
B. Arch
C. Axis
D. Atlas
D. Atlas
Which of the following positions/projections will best demonstrate the L5-S1 lateral spot?
A. AP
B. PA
C. Oblique
D. Lateral
D. Lateral
In order to visualize the dens, which of the following must be radiographed?
A. Sacrum and coccyx
B. 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae
C. Lumbosacral junction
D. Upper thoracic vertebrae
B. 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae
Which of the following would describe a hemiplegic?
A. Paralyzed from the waist up
B. Paralyzed form the waist down
C. Paralyzed on one side
D. Paralyzed in all four extremities
C. Paralyzed on one side
What is the forward slipping of a vertebra called?
A. Cholelithiasis
B. Spondylolisthesis
C. Scoliosis
D. Slipped disk
B. Spondylolisthesis
What is the outer meningeal layer of the spinal cord called?
A. Dura mater
B. Pia mater
C. Arachnoid
D. Subarachnoid
A. Dura mater
From outside to inside the layers are dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
Which vertebrae have demifacets for the articulation of ribs?
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral
B. Thoracic
Which bone in the vertebral column is actually five separate vertebrae fused together?
A. Sternum
B. Sacrum
C. Coccyx
D. Innominate
B. Sacrum
Which of the following positions/projections would best demonstrate the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae?
A. AP axial
B. Lateral
C. 45 degree oblique
D. 70 degree oblique
A. AP axial
The transverse processes project laterally from the junction of the pedicles and laminae. Therefore, the AP axial projection would demonstrate them best.
What is another name for the second cervical vertebra?
A. Atlas
B. Axis
C. Dens
D. Posterior arch
B. Axis
Which of the following positions/projections would best demonstrate the intervertebral spaces of the lumbar spine?
A. AP axial
B. Lateral
C. Mediolateral oblique
D. Lateromedial oblique
B. Lateral
The innominate bone is formed by the fusion of which three bones?
A. Pubis, trochanter, pelvis
B. Ilium, ischium, femur
C. Ileum, ishcium, pubis
D. Ischium, pubis, ilium
D. Ischium, pubis, ilium
Which of the following project of the posterior, lateral borders of the vertebral body?
A. Pedicles
B. Laminae
C. Spinous process
D. Articular processes
A. Pedicles
What is the condition found in older women that involves the gradual loss of calcium from the bones?
A. Osteosarcoma
B. Osteoporosis
C. Achondroplasia
D. Osteogenesis
B. Osteoporosis
What is the name of the large foramen in the innominate bone?
A. Foramen ovale
B. Foramen magnum
C. Obturator foramen
D. Pelvic foramen
C. Obturator foramen
Which of the following is the proper tube angle for an AP axial coccyx projection?
A. 10-15 degrees cephalad
B. 10-15 degrees caudad
C. 25 degrees cephalad
D. 25 degrees caudad
B. 10-15 caudad
Which of the following corresponds to the level of the iliac crest?
A. T9-10 interspace
B. L2-3 interspace
C. L4-5 interspace
D. S1-2 interspace
C. L4-5 interspace
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 12
C. 7
What is the name of the bony landmark on the anterior portion of the iliac crest?
A. Anterior trochanter
B. Anterior superior tuberosity
C. Anterior posterior iliac spine
D. Anterior superior iliac spine
D. Anterior superior iliac spine
A failure of the neural arch of a vertebra to close creates the condition known as what?
A. Osteogenesis
B. Spondylolisthesis
C. Slipped disk
D. Spina bifida
D. Spina bifida
What is the name of the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae?
A. Cervical joint
B. Cervical fusion
C. Atlantoaxial joint
D. Kyphotic joint
C. Atlantoaxial joint
Which of the following positions/projections would be required to demonstrate the mobility of the cervical spine?
A. Flexion and extension laterals
B. Inversion and eversion obliques
C. Internal and external rotation
D. AP and PA projections
A. Flexion and extension laterals
Why was this AP axial cervical spine radiograph repeated?
A. Air in trachea
B. Seven cervicals not visible
C. Right marker in anatomy
D. Dens not visible
C. Right maker in anatomy
Which of the cervical vertebrae has the most prominent spinous process?
A. First
B. Third
C. Fifth
D. Seventh
D. Seventh
What is the name of the opening through which the spinal cord passes?
A. Vertebral foramen
B. Intervertebral foramen
C. Transverse foramen
D. Obturator foramen
C. Ischial tuberosity
Which of the following is true concerning the differences between a male and female pelvis?
A. Female pelvis is broader
B. Female pelvis is narrower
C. Female pubic arch is less angled
D. Female inlet is oval shaped
A. Female pelvis is broader
How many movable joints can be visualized in an AP pelvis radiograph?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
D. 5
Two sacroiliac joints, two hip joints and the symphysis pubis.
What is the name of the most anterior portion of a thoracic vertebra?
A. Body
B. Lamina
C. Vertebral arch
D. Spinous process
A. Body
Which of the following positions/projections is usually used to demonstrate the dens?
A. AP axial
B. AP dens (Fuchs)
C. AP obliques
D. Lateral
B. AP dens (Fuchs)
Which position/projection is necessary to demonstrate the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine?
A. PA or AP axial obliques
B. AP open mouth
C. Lateral
D. Swimmers
A. PA or AP axial obliques
What is the preferable SID for a lateral position for the cervical spine?
A. 36"
B. 40"
C. 60"
D. 72"
D. 72"
What is the name of the process that projects downward from the base of the transverse process?
A. Pars interarticularis
B. Inferior articulating process
C. Spinous process
D. Lamina
B. Inferior articulating process
What is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called?
A. Lordosis
B. Kyphosis
C. Scoliosis
D. Meiosis
C. Scoliosis
Rotation of the skull takes place between which of the following cervical vertebrae?
A. C1 and C2
B. C2 and C3
C. C4 and C5
D. C6 and C7
A. C1 and C2
What is the name of the meningeal layer that is closest to the spinal cord?
A. Pia mater
B. Dura mater
C. Arachnoid
D. Subarahnoid
A. Pia mater
From the inside to outside the layers are pia mater, arachnoid and dura mater.
Which of the following contains the cerebrospinal fluid?
A. Dura mater
B. Pia mater
C. Arachnoid
D. Subarachnoid space
D. Subarachnoid space
Which vertebra has no body?
A. First cervical
B. Second cervical
C. Seventh cervical
D. First thoracic
A. First cervical
A 45 degree oblique of the lumbar spine is used to visualize which of the following?
A. Intervertebral spaces
B. Intervertebral foramina
C. Zygapophyseal joints
D. Bodies
C. Zygapophyseal joints
Zygapophyseal joints are formed by the superior and inferior articulating processes.
How much must the body be rotated for an oblique position of the sacroiliac joints?
A. 15-20 degrees
B. 25-30 degrees
C. 45-50 degrees
D. 70-75 degrees
B. 25-30 degrees
A breathing technique is useful for which of the following positions/projections?
A. AP cervical spine
B. 70 degree oblique thoracic spine
C. Lateral thoracic spine
D. Open mouth
C. Lateral thoracic spine
Which of the following would describe a quadriplegic?
A. Paralyzed from the waist up
B. Paralyzed from the waist down
C. Paralyzed on one side
D. Paralyzed in all four extremities
D. Paralyzed in all four extremities
The acetabulum articulates with which of the following?
A. Inferior articulating process
B. Superior articulating process
C. Transverse process
D. Femoral head
D. Femoral head
At what level is the image receptor centered for a lateral lumbosacral spine?
A. ASIS
B. Symphysis pubis
C. Iliac crest
D. First lumbar spine
C. Iliac crest
What are the lateral projections on a typical vertebra called?
A. Spinous processes
B. Articular processes
C. Transverse processes
D. Pedicles
C. Transverse processes