Psych final exam 1 Flashcards

The fire alarm goes off. Nina doesn't react because she's uncertain about what's going on. She looks to other people and sees that they are not reacting so she assumes the alarm must be a drill. Nina's thought best illustrates the _____________ explanation of the unresponsive-bystander effect

• A. evaluation anxiety
• B. informational influence
• C. diffusion of responsibility
• D. social comparison
• E. social loafing

In his work examining the stability of shyness in early childhood, Jerome Kagan and his colleagues have found that this temperament variable

• A. is completely unrelated to future behaviour patterns
• B. is related to future behaviour patterns, but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited
• C. is related to future behaviour patterns, but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited or extremely inhibited
• D. is related to future behaviour patterns, but only for children who are extremely inhibited
• E. is highly consistent and stable for the vast majority of children

Which of the following is/are true regarding the brain and sexual motivation?

• A. the hypothalamus controls the pituitary, which then regulates the secretion of hormones
• B. the gonads secrete only androgens
• C. the gonads control the pituitary gland’s secretion of hormones
• D. the gonads secrete only estrogens
• E. the hypothalamus directly regulates the secretion of hormones

Learning a second language can be very beneficial, especially if learned during the sensitive period of childhood. When a second language is learned later in life

• A. the person will always have trouble with their native language
• B. Broca’s area will get larger
• C. the production of their native language will activate Wernicke’s area
• D. a different area of the brain will be activated during production of the second language
• E. this person will have no problems switching from one language to the other

You realize that the PowerPoint assignment that you were going to work on this weekend is actually due today. You feel stressed, anxious, and show signs of physiological arousal such as muscle tension and increased heart rate and blood pressure. According to the Canon-Bard theory of emotion

• A. you have the physiological arousal and then interpret this as feeling stressed
• B. the amount of anxiety you feel will depend on happy you were when you put off working on the assignment the previous week
• C. the subjective experience of emotion generates the physiological arousal
• D. the physiological arousal and subjective experience occur simultaneously
• E. you have the subjective experience of emotion prior to the physiological arousal

The teratogen nicotine is associated with which of the following fetal and infant abnormalities?

• A. smaller than average brains and drug addiction
• B. mental delay and attention deficits
• C. low birth weight and an increased risk for miscarriage
• D. facial irregularities and hyperactivity
• E. TDF and FAS

Higher levels of _____________ usually increase the likelihood of ______________, which consists of unprovoked aggressive acts that are designed to establish a dominance hierarchy among members of a particular species

• A. serotonin; social aggression
• B. testosterone; impulsive aggression
• C. testosterone; social aggression
• D. dopamine; frustrated aggression
• E. serotonin; impulsive aggression

Asch's studies of conformity in a line judgment task best exemplify

• A. normative influence
• B. obedience
• C. reverse discrimination
• D. reactance
• E. modelling

As was presented in the textbook, modern emotion researchers assume that most emotions

• A. are reflected in particular behavioral responses
• B. are determined primarily by physiological responses
• C. are exclusively culturally determined
• D. involve a combination of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral response patterns
• E. are determined primarily by cognitive responses

In a laboratory study, Dr. Pava gives his test rats daily injections of leptin for a month. Assuming that these test rats are genetically normal, what should Dr. Pava observe over time?

• A. the rats will show increased levels of aggression and attack behavior
• B. the rats will have an increased appetite and gain weight
• C. the rats will show decreased levels of aggression and attack behavior
• D. the leptin will not affect the rats in any way
• E. the rats will have a decreased appetite and lose weight

All of the following brain structures were mentioned as playing important roles in the regulation and production of emotion except the

• A. cerebral cortex
• B. cerebellum
• C. amygdala
• D. hypothalamus
• E. hippocampus

Another form of intelligence that has attracted a lot of attention is emotional intelligence. A person with a high emotional IQ

• A. shows lower scores on the WAIS
• B. often also suffers from autism
• C. often have even higher verbal IQ scores
• D. has the ability to read others’ emotions accurately
• E. usually doesn’t attend university

Milgram's studies of obedience demonstrated that, in general

• A. most people disobey commands made by authority figures
• B. only people with authoritarian personalities will obey authority figures
• C. men, but not women, obey commands made by authority figures
• D. most people obey commands made by authority figures
• E. women, but not men, obey commands made by authority figures

Compared to cognitive dissonance theory, self-perception theory

• A. is based on many more elaborate theoretical constructs
• B. makes quite different predictions about attitude change
• C. provides a more sophisticated methodology for measuring the psychological tension of dissonance
• D. gives quite different explanations of attitude change
• E. there is no difference between the two

At daycare, Nicole and Christine are both fighting over a broken cookie. They both had cookies the same size, but Nicole's broke in half and now Christine thinks that Nicole has more than she does. When the daycare provider shows the girls that they both have equal amounts of cookie, Christine calms down as she now understands. Nicole continues to feel superior, having more cookie than Christine. According to Piaget

• A. Nicole is displaying accommodation
• B. Nicole has mastered conservation while Christine has not
• C. Christine has not acquired an understanding of reversibility
• D. Nicole is showing assimilation
• E. Christine has mastered conservation while Nicole has not

Gifted individuals have a higher than normal IQ (120 or above) and those individuals with intellectual disability disorder obtain IQ’s between about 50 and 70. Both of these groups

• A. often need special educational opportunities
• B. must be assessed by different IQ tests
• C. tend to walk earlier
• D. need large amounts of support
• E. are typically NOT victims of stereotypes

In the Tower of Hanoi problem you are to move the rings one at a time to reach the desired goal. When solving this problem you are using:

• A. subgoal analysis
• B. retrieval cues
• C. availability heuristic
• D. inductive reasoning
• E. a mental set

In Asch's conformity studies (where participant's had to judge the length of lines), what effect did a dissenter have (a confederate who disagrees with the others)?

• A. dissenters only increased conformity if they dissented by choosing the correct answer
• B. dissenters were criticized and excluded from the group
• C. dissenters increased conformity
• D. dissenters only reduced conformity if they dissented by choosing the correct answer
• E. dissenters reduced conformity

Suppose a researcher gave people the following problem: In a group of 100 people, 70 are pilots and 30 are bookkeepers. Of that group, one man is meek, timid, and enjoys helping people. Is he more likely to be a pilot or a bookkeeper? Most people would answer

• A. Pilot, demonstrating use of the base-rate information given
• B. bookkeeper, demonstrating a bias toward representativeness
• C. Bookkeeper, demonstrating functional fixedness
• D. pilot, demonstrating the availability bias
• E. bookkeeper, demonstrating a prior probability bias

Although Skinner believed that children’s language acquisition is strongly governed by reinforcement from adults, most psycholinguists doubt this because

• A. children do not respond to reinforcement
• B. children learn through motherese
• C. parents typically do not correct their children’s grammar
• D. children only talk in telegraphic speech
• E. children learn too much too slowly

The presence of others is likely to lead to better performance in __________ and to worse performance in ______________

• A. complex tasks; simple tasks
• B. simple tasks; moderate tasks
• C. moderate tasks; complex tasks
• D. simple tasks; complex tasks
• E. moderate tasks; simple tasks

Pressures toward thinking or acting like most other people refers to

• A. prosocial behaviour
• B. de-individualization
• C. bystander effects
• D. obedience
• E. conformity

Deductive reasoning is reasoning from ___________, and inductive reasoning is reasoning from ______________

• A. ‘top down’, ‘bottom up’
• B. specific principle, general principles
• C. science, arts
• D. informal observations, formal observations
• E. must be assessed by different IQ tests

There is no question that the brain is the centre of intellectual abilities. But is a bigger brain indicative of a more intellectual person? Research on Einstein’s brain has shown that

• A. certain areas of Einstein’s brain were more densely packed with neurons
• B. the language area of his brain was not so well developed
• C. parts of Einstein’s brain were actually smaller than average
• D. his entire brain was larger than average
• E. his entire brain was actually smaller than average

Binet made two assumptions when developing his intelligence tests. His assumptions, if true, meant that

• A. a child who is above average at age 5 will be leveled off by age 10
• B. a child who is less than competent than expected at age 5 should also be lagging at age 10
• C. a child who is less than competent at age 5 has the potential for genius by age 10
• D. all children should match their age appropriate level of intelligence
• E. a child who is less than competent than expected at age 5 will show a greater tendency to be at the level of his peers by age 10

According to Freud, what motivates much of human behavior is

• A. the expected outcome of the behavior combined with the subjective value of that outcome
• B. the consequences of a given behavior
• C. an intrinsic striving for self-actualization
• D. the subjective interpretation of physiological arousal
• E. the battle between unconscious impulses struggling for release and psychological defenses used to keep them under control

Which of the following were mentioned in the text as limitations or criticisms of Kubler-Ross's stages of coping?

• A. some people may change their behaviour because of prior awareness of the stages
• B. some people may experience the stages in reverse order
• C. most people refuse to bargain
• D. some people may look forward to death
• E. most people never reach acceptance

According to the information in the textbook, emotions are adaptive because

• A. all of the above
• B. they signal that something important is happening and they direct our behavior to that event
• C. certain emotions such as interest and joy, broaden our behavior so that we explore and consider new ideas
• D. they are an effective form of communication
• E. certain emotions such as fear and anger motivate action in response to danger

Your friend asks you to drive him to the airport at 4 a.m. next Saturday morning (an unreasonably large request, which you refuse). Then he asks you to drive him to his afternoon class. You comply. Your friend has used

• A. the low-ball technique
• B. the four-walls technique
• C. the reactance principle
• D. the door-in-the-face technique
• E. the foot-in-the-door techniques

A father believes that certain behaviours are more appropriate for boys than for girls. His wife has heard him share these beliefs and she wonders whether they are partly responsible for the fact that he relates differently to his son, with whom he tends to use more verbal and physical prohibition than he does with his daughter. In this example, the father's beliefs would be examples of ____________, while the fact that he treats his children differently depending on their gender demonstrates the concept of ______________

• A. sex-role stereotypes; sex typing
• B. gender identities; gender constancies
• C. gender identities; gender behaviour
• D. gender identities; sex typing
• E. sex-role stereotypes; gender preferences

Mr. Inwood is a retired business man. He finds that his thinking pattern has changed significantly from when he was in his early thirties. According to Cattell, Mr. Inwood’s thinking has progressed from using __________ intelligence to depending more on _____________ intelligence

• A. crystallized, fluid
• B. fluid, crystallized
• C. the g factor, s factor
• D. non-verbal, verbal
• E. verbal, performance

Brian (a male) and Lisa (a female) differ in their abilities to perform certain types of intellectual tasks. Brian is probably better at ______________ and Lisa is more than likely better at ______________

• A. target-directed motor skills, spatial tasks
• B. perceptual speed, verbal fluency
• C. spatial tasks, verbal fluency
• D. mental rotation tasks, target-directed motor skills
• E. ideational fluency, spatial tasks

In developmental research, a(n) _____________ period is an age range during which specific experiences must take place if normal development is to occur. This is in contrast to a ___________ period, where it is optimal but not necessarily essential for these experiences to occur

• A. critical; sensitive
• B. critical; receptive
• C. sensitive; growth
• D. explicit; sensitive
• E. sensitive; critical

You are at your first class in Psychology 020 and before the professor arrives the person sitting beside you says ‘Professor Smith is a very cold individual’. You note, however, the Professor Smith smiles a lot when he teaches. When your roommate asks you about Professor Smith, you say he is an ‘icy’ personality. This is an example of

• A. reaction formation
• B. social facilitation
• C. a cognitive dissonance effect
• D. a recency effect
• E. a primacy effect

All humans show changes in facial expressions to accompany emotions such as fear, anger, happiness, disgust, and surprise. But how well can you identify these expressions when shown by individuals from a different culture?

• A. identifying facial expressions is a learned skill, so you would not be able to identify them if you were not familiar with that particular culture
• B. facial expressions are all culturally specific, so you would not be able to identify them D) facial expressions vary by personality, not by culture. You may be able to identify them
• C. facial expressions are similar across cultures so you would be able to identify them with good accuracy
• D. It depends on the display rules of the culture

Which of the following strategies will NOT reduce groupthink?

• A. outside experts' opinions should be sought out
• B. the leader should maintain a neutral position
• C. group members should maintain a strong sense of group unity
• D. a group member should play ‘devil's advocate
• E. group members should have a ‘second chance’ meeting after a decision has been made

Which of the following statements regarding conflicts between teenagers and their parents is true?

• A. boys and girls do not differ regarding the age at which they expect parents to grant them more autonomy
• B. most adolescents disagree with their parents' rights to make rules
• C. When conflicts do occur, they are more likely to occur with fathers than with mothers
• D. girls assume that their parents will grant them autonomy at a later age than boys do
• E. younger adolescents feel that it is less appropriate for parents to make the rules than do older adolescents

Which of the following statements concerning divorce is most accurate?

• A. though there are no immediate short-term risks associated with divorce, there are several long-term negative effects that impact the majority of children from divorced families
• B. though divorce is associated with several temporary short-term negative outcomes, research indicates that it is associated with almost no long-term negative outcomes
• C. divorce has serious short- and long-term consequences that negatively impact the vast majority of children from divorced families
• D. though divorce is associated with an increased risk for a variety of short- and long-term problems, most children from divorced families develop into normally adjusted adults
• E. divorce has not been found to have either short- or long-term impacts on children

A motivation theorist who believes in the expectancy X value theory of motivation would most likely say that two people can respond differently to the same incentive because

• A. they have different drives
• B. they have different instincts
• C. they have different deficiency needs
• D. they have different unconscious motives
• E. they evaluate the worth of the incentive differently

Humans are capable of producing several hundred phonemes. Infants across the world can vocalize the entire range of phonemes

• A. but by 6 months they have lost that ability
• B. and they will always be able to perceive these differences in sound
• C. but by 1 month they have lost that ability
• D. although they will lose this ability they will always be able to perceive the differences
• E. and they never lose this ability to produce these sounds

The Triangular Model of Love (Sternberg) describes Empty Love as having

• A. no passion, no intimacy, no commitment
• B. high passion, low intimacy, high decision/commitment
• C. low passion, low intimacy, low decision/commitment
• D. low passion, high intimacy, high decision/commitment
• E. low passion, low intimacy, high decision/commitment

At dinner last night, Juan couldn't decide whether to order the chicken or the steak. Everyone else at the table ordered steak, and commented that you really couldn't trust how the chicken was done at this restaurant. Juan ordered the steak. Most likely, this reflects

• A. informational social influence
• B. obedience
• C. normative social influence
• D. stereotypes
• E. compliance

When making the fundamental attributional error we are most likely to blame another student's poor academic record on

• A. low ability
• B. difficulty of the subject matter
• C. teacher bias (the teacher did not like them)
• D. bad luck
• E. a stressful home-life

The theories of Richard Lazarus and Stanley Schachter are similar because both

• A. propose that cognitive appraisals are an essential component of emotional experience
• B. propose that extrinsic reward decreases intrinsic motivation
• C. propose that emotional expression is culturally determined
• D. propose that emotion is caused by unconscious conflicts
• E. do not see a role for arousal

When researchers use a ____________ design, they typically find that both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline relatively early in life, but when they use a ___________ design, they often find that both of these abilities remain stable until much later in life

• A. placebo; double-blind
• B. cross-sectional; longitudinal
• C. correlational; experimental
• D. naturalistic observation; self-report
• E. sequential; double-blind