Biology Exam Material Flashcards

The following is not a characteristic of an insect: A. Three segmented body B. Six legs C. Two pairs of wings D. Two tentacles

The following is not used to measure greenhouse crop nutrient levels: A. Soil tests B. Soluble salts meter C. Foliar analysis D. Tensiometer

Light intensity can be measured in units of: A. Nanometers B. Micrometers C. Foot-candles D. Newtons

A ___________results from crossing parents of different genotype for a trait. A. clone B. scion C. species D. hybrid

The ________ transports water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant. A. phloem B. xylem C. pith D. cambium

Crassula argentea is the botanical name for Jade Plant. Crassula is the _______ of the plant. A. family B. cultivar C. species D. genus

Indolebutyric acid (IBA) is commonly used to: A. control insects B. control diseases C. raise soil pH D. promote rooting of cuttings

Signal words on labels alert the user to the toxicity of a pesticide. Which of the following words is not used as a signal word?= A. DANGER B. HAZARDOUS C. CAUTION D. WARNING

Which of the following flower parts is contained in the pistil? A. sepal B. receptacle C. anther D. style

_________ is the process of softening or breaking a seed coat in order to overcome seed dormancy. A. Scarification B. Stratification C. Ratification D. Augmentation

Prior to transplanting, seedlings should be _______________. A. kept in the dark. B. grown at a temperature of 90°F. C. hardened-off D. allowed to dampen-off.

In order to lower the pH of a soil, materials containing ________ are used. A. dolomite B. lime C. hydrated lime D. sulfur

Which of the following nutrients would be retained more by a root medium with high cation exchange capacity (CEC)? A. Potassium B. Phosphate C. Nitrate D. Sulfate

Soluble salts in medium is measured by electrical conductivity (EC). An appropaite EC range for flowering potted crops using the pour through extraction method is: A. 0.25mS/cm to 0.75 mS/cm B. 0.5 mS/cm to 2.0 mS/cm C. 1.0 mS.cm to 4.6 mS/cm D. 3.0 mS.cm to 6.2 mS/cm

Soilless medium can be amended with which of the following materials prior to potting to provide magnesium? A. Epsom Salt B. Gypsum C. Micronutrients mix D. Triple superphospate

The Worker Protection Standards (WPS) developed for agriculture pesticides was implemented by what government agency? A. United States Department of Agriculture B. Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service C. Department of Homeland Security D. Environmental Protection Agency

Cytokinins are responsible for cell division and differentiation in the plant. Cytokinins are produced in what plant part? A. Lateral shoots B. Roots C. Terminal shoots D. Cambium

Which of the following auxins is naturally produced in the plant? A. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) B. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) C. Indolepropionic acid (IPA) D. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)

Carbon is an essential plant element. Plants obtain carbon from carbon dioxide gas (CO2). Air on the average contains what percent CO2? A. 0.30 percent B. 30 percent C. 0.03 percent D. 3 percent

A plant's growth response to temperature is called: A. Vernalization B. Thermotropism C. Photoperiodism D. Thermoperiodic

Which of the following is not an advantage of hydroponics? A. Plant nutrition is completely controlled through prepared nutrient solutions. B. Yield per unit area is reduced since plants may be planted closer together. C. Roots do not spread as much because H2O and nutrients are pumped directly to the plant. D. The need for weed, disease, and insect control is greatly reduced due to the absence of soil.

Allelopathy is a plant phenomenon that does the following to plants: A. Prevents the formation of bacteria organisms B. Stops fungus organisms from growing on plants C. Creates a mechanism within the plant to induce flowering D. Production of a chemical compound by one plant that slows down or stops the growth of another plant

Pesticides can be purchased for use in the greenhouse as a wettable powder (WP) or as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Which of the following is true about these two pesticide formulations. A. WP are diluted (dissolved) in water and can settle during application while EC are suspended in water and do not settle during application. B. There is no difference in the two formulations C. EC must be added to water in correct rates where WP are applied as it exist in the container D. WP and EC both are purchased as dry formulations

Tulle in florist work is: A. The ribbon added to any floral piece being created B. Florist netting that can add color, texture, and support for some flowers C. Silk leaves used instead of fresh foliage in corsages D. Other accessories used in corsages such as pearl sprays, rhinestones, butterflies, or chenille letters

The country that is the leading exporter of cut flowers to the United States floral industry is: A. Holland B. Ecuador C. Mexico D. Columbia

The climatic conditions that are needed for carnations to be grown successfully as a cut flower include? A. Low light intensity, mild climate requiring minimal amount of protection, uniform temperature and day length B. High light intensity, mild climate requiring minimal amount of protection, and cold nights and hot days C. High light intensity, mild climate requiring minimal amount of protection, uniform temperature and day length D. Low light intensity, mild climate requiring minimal amount of protection, and short days

In growing chrysanthemums as cut flowers the plant requires which of the following conditions to maintain a vegetative state of growth? A. Day length at less than 9.5 hours growing at 60 degrees B. Day length between 11 and 12 hours growing at 80 degrees C. Day length at 10.5 hours growing at 60 degrees D. Day length greater than 14.5 hours growing at 60 degrees

The advantages of an ebb and flood irrigation system in the greenhouse are: A. Labor savings B. Reduced water and nutrient use C. Lower pesticide use D. All of the above

Which of the following is not a plant hormone that can be used as a plant growth regulator? A. ethylene B. anthocyanin C. abscisic acid D. gibberellin

The best root medium pH for a majority of spring bedding plants, but not including petunias or geraniums, is: A. 4.5 to 5.5 B. 5.5 to 6.5 C. 6.5 to 7.5 D. 7.5 to 8.5

In grafting, such as for grafted tomato transplants, A. the scion is the top part of the graft and the rootstock is the lower part B. the rootstock is the top part of the grant and the scion is the lower part C. the scion often imparts disease resistance to the grafted plant D. the rootstock often provides desirable fruiting characteristics

The pistil is A. the female part of the flower B. the male part of the flower C. contains both the male and female parts of a flower D. becomes seeds

The pH of the root medium indicates to a greenhouse grower its A. volumetric water content B. salt ions dissolved in water C. hydrogen ion concentration D. organic matter content

On a financial planning sheet, the costs of the plant materials (i.e. purchase cost of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, or other plant propagule) would be examples of: A. wholesale costs B. overhead costs C. fixed costs D. direct costs

A 6-inch 'azalea pot' has an inside rim diameter of _(i)_inches and a depth of __(ii)__inches. A. (i) 6-inches, (ii) 8 inches B. (i) 6-inches, (ii) 6-inches C. (i) 6-inches, (ii) 4.5-inches D. (i) 6-inches, (ii) 3-inches

Respiration: A. produces sugars in the plant B. occurs only during the night C. releases oxygen to the atmosphere D. none of the above

What type of environment do poinsettias require to produce red bracts? A. short day photoperiod B. long day photoperiod C. cool day temperature regime D. cool night temperature regime

Botanical names are written in: A. English B. Latin C. Greek D. German

The greenhouse insect pest problem of aphids can be effectively managed by using: A. biological control such as lady beetles B. chemical control such as the use of an insecticidal soap C. the cultural control of washing them off the plant with a strong stream of water D. all of the above

In order to preserve foliage in a more natural, pliable state, place stems in: A. glycerin B. bleach C. antifreeze D. borax

Which glazing material for greenhouses allows the greatest light transmittance? A. fiberglass B. polyethylene C. glass D. polycarbonate

To pasteurize a container root medium, heat it to: A. 120 degrees for 30 minutes B. 120 degrees for 60 minutes C. 180 degrees for 30 minutes D. 180 degrees for 60 minutes

A guideline for estimating the size for a floral design for a defined space is known as A. Rule of Thirds B. Third Rule C. The Golden Ratio D. The Golden Rule

The term variegated means? A. Leaves can only be both yellow and green. B. Leaves have patches, stripes, or marks of different colors. C. Leaves have only stripes of different colors. D. Leaves are solid green with no other colors.

Systemic dyeing occurs by plants absorbing color through the A. Petal B. Leaf C. Sepal D. Stem

A Freesia (Figure 1) is an example of a ______________. A. Bulb B. Tuber C. Corm D. Rhizome

_______ is the single most important element to keep flowers fresh after delivery from a supplier. A. Air/ Ventilation B. Water C. Light D. Cool Temperatures

The three primary ingredients in floral preservatives are sugar, ______, and an acidifier. A. Biocide B. Salt C. Chlorophyll D. Iodine

The sense of stability in a design both physically and visually is known as A. Rhythm B. Balance C. Scale D. Unity

A floral design with a strong sense of ________ shows an organization of elements so theyvappear to belong together. A. Rhythm B. Balance C. Scale D. Unity

A circular design does not have __________. a. Balance b. Filler flowers c. A focal point d. Massing flowers

Most fungal diseases grow best in ___________. a. Dry, arid air b. Low moisture conditions c. High moisture conditions d. Seasons with drought

Mums are considered a short-day crop; that is, the plant sets flower buds and blooms only when____________. a. Nights and days are long b. Nights are long and days are short c. Nights are short and days are long d. Nights and days are short

During respiration, plants _______. a. Use the sun's energy b. Produce sugars c. Use oxygen d. Form complex compounds

___________ exists when the terminal bud produces hormones that inhibit or prevent the growth of axillary buds on the same shoot. a. Cell dominance b. Root dominance c. Atypical dominance d. Apical dominance

If green plants show a ________ color, this suggests a nitrogen deficiency. a. White b. Yellow c. Dark green d. Purple

Floral foam is sufficiently soaked when _________. a. It changes to a darker shade of green b. The foam floats back to the top of the water c. Particles of the foam begin to float in the water d. Air bubbles are no longer coming out of the foam

___________ seeding is when seeds are sown in a separate place from where the plants will eventually grow to maturity. a. Direct b. Sideways c. Indirect d. Top

_________ is used to accentuate the flowers and colors used in a design. a. Harmony b. Unity c. Accent d. Repetition

___________ are chemicals used to control snails and slugs. a. Fungicides b. Rodenticides c. Molluscicides d. Nematocides

Small green insects with piercing mouth parts are ________. a. Aphids b. Mealybugs c. Scale d. Mites

The recommended daytime temperature range for indoor plants is _________. a. 60-70° F b. 55-80° F c. 60-85° F d. 50-85° F

______ is one of the basic floral design shapes. a. Fan b. Diagonal c. Oval d. Circular

In the list of flowers/materials below, which list is not all line flowers: a. Liatris, gladilous, snapdragons, cattail b. Bells of Ireland, carnations, branches, snapdragons c. Liatris, delphinium, gladilous, bells of Ireland d. Foxglove, branches, lupine, cattail

Joe placed a box of apples in his flower cooler. The next day he saw some cut flowers looking bad and deteriorating. Could the apples have caused this problem? a. Yes, fruit produces ethylene gas which can cause flowers to senesce. b. Yes, diseases on fruit are easily transferred to cut flowers causing their deterioration. c. No, storing fruit in a cooler with cut flowers in never a problem. The flowers deteriorated from some other pathogen, d. No, the apples could not have caused damage to the cut flowers in such a short time.

Floral foam should be hydrated before use in a flower arrangement. Which of these methods is the best for accomplishing the soaking of the foam? a. The foam is forced by weight to be totally immersed in the water b. The foam is pushed down into the water by hand c. The foam is allowed to float on the surface until it is soaked d. The foam is placed in the bottom of a water reservoir one-half of the height of the block of foam

A wholesale greenhouse operation has grown 4,250 six inch pots of poinsettias. At the end of the Christmas season, 3,789 pots were sold. The wholesale selling price was $3.85 per pot. The retail businesses sold the pots of poinsettias for $6.89. The cost per pot grown was $2.16 per pot. What was the net return on the poinsettia crop to the greenhouse operation? a. $14,587.65 b. $6,403.41 c. $5,407.65 d. $11,518.56

You work for a retail flower shop is Bloomington, Indiana. You are figuring a bill for a customer. In Bloomington the state sales tax is 5%, the city sales tax is 0.5%, and the county sales tax is 1%. The cost of the arrangement for the customer is $72.45. What is the total of the customer's bill? a. $72.45 b. $72.81 c. $77.16 d. $76.07

The wire services that a retail flower shop can use are: a. Society of American Florists, FTD, and Teleflora b. FTD, Teleflora, Florafax, American Floral Services, and Carik c. Florafax, FTD, American Floral Services d. American Floral Services, American Academy of Floriculture, Florafax, and Carik

In growing potted chrysanthemums, the desirable temperature range for flower bud initiation is: a. 62 to 65 degrees F at night b. Above 68 degrees F at night c. 60 to 62 degrees F at night d. 65 to 68 degrees F at night

As a grower you want to use "soft" pesticides for plant pest control. Which group below includes "soft" pesticides? a. Fungicides, bactericides, insect growth regulators b. Insect growth regulators, botanical insecticides, horticultural oils c. Horticulture oils, insecticidal soaps, insecticides d. Miticides, insecticidal soaps, horticulture oils

The place in the plant where the process of photosynthesis occurs is: a. In all plant cells b. In all cells within the leaf c. In green chloroplasts within cells d. In cells in the leaf petiole

A solenoid valve is used in greenhouses: a. As an electrical device used to control the flow of water in greenhouses b. As a valve controlled totally by water pressure to cut water on and off c. As a valve controlled by temperature to cut heat on and off d. As an electrical shut on and off system for ventilation fans

A manometer is used in a greenhouse to measure: a. Water pressure in an irrigation system line b. Difference between low and high temperature c. Air pressure between layers of plastic d. Gas pressure in a gas heater

In horticulture, the term "explant' is: a. A cross between cultivars within a species b. A plant that came from a genetic mutation c. A plant part other than stem or leaves such as a bulb or corm d. Small pieces of plant material used in tissue culture

In greenhouse plant growing a zero DIF will result in: a. Shorter plants compared to plants grown with a positive DIF b. Taller plants compared to plants grown with a positive DIF c. A decrease in how much light a plant receives each day d. A wide range between daytime and nighttime temperatures in a greenhouse

The three secondary colors in flower arrangements are: a. Red, yellow, and blue b. Orange, green, and violet c. Purple, yellow, and blue d. Green, purple, and red

The nutrient iron is essential in plants because: a. Iron is required for strong stems b. Iron is required for leaf formation c. Iron is required for root development d. Iron is required to produce chlorophyll

____________ buds are found at the base of a leaf petiole and next to the stem. a. apical b. axillary c. dominant d. epidermal

A plant with a tunicate bulb is a(n) _____________. a. peony b. tulip c. iris d. Easter lily

Binomial classification of a plant requires a ___________ and ___________for the name. a. genus and specific epithet b. family and order c. common and scientific component d. species and family

A tissue in a seed that provides stored food for the embryo is __________. a. endosperm b. zygote c. seed coat d. hypocotyl

The process of propagating plants on an agar gel or nutrient medium is known as _______________. a. grafting b. budding c. micropropagation d. none of the above

A florists' wire with a gauge of 18 will be ________ than florists' wire with a gauge of 28. a. shorter b. longer c. thinner d. thicker

On a financial planning sheet, the costs of the plant materials (i.e. purchase cost of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, etc.) would be examples of _____________. a. wholesale costs b. overhead costs c. direct costs d. fixed costs

Floral preservatives for cut flowers should contain all of the following except ________: a. nitrogen fertilizer b. a sugar source c. an acidifier d. a microbiocide

What type of environment do chrysanthemums require to produce flowers? a. short day photoperiod b. long day photoperiod c. cool day temperature regime d. cool night temperature regime

Injecting dilute sulfuric acid into the irrigation system during greenhouse production will: a. increase the root medium pH b. decrease the root medium pH c. decrease and then increase the root medium pH d. not change root medium pH

What are the organelles that capture and process the light that a plant intercepts? a. mitochondria b. nuclei c. chlorophylls d. chloroplasts

The process of _____________ is when a plant loses water through stomates. a. transpiration b. translocation c. transduction d. acclimatization

Which glazing material for greenhouses allows the lowest light transmittance? a. fiberglass b. polyethylene c. double-layer polyethylene d. polycarbonate

The calculated difference between the day temperature and night temperature in a greenhouse production situation is known as _____________. a. HID b. STS c. DIF d. IPM

Before using a chemical you should refer to the SDS or a. Safety Detail Sheet b. Safety Data Sheet c. Storage Detail Sheet d. Storage Data Sheet

The binomial system for naming plants is a. used on the North American continent only. b. used only in the United States. c. used Internationally. d. no longer used today.

Plants that have two ___________ are known as dicots. a. nucleus b. cells c. flowers d. cotyledons

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll that _________ green light giving plants their green color. a. reflect b. absorb c. produce d. create

_______________ insecticides are pesticides that are translocated throughout the plant and kill any insects that feed on the plant. a. Insecticidal Soaps b. Horticulture Oils c. Botanical d. Systemic

When dealing with plant diseases, there must be _____ things present for any plant disease to form. a. one b. two c. three d. four

________ plants are plant material kept specifically for the purpose of propagation. a. Stock b. Parent c. Cutting d. Hardwood

Grasshoppers begin their life cycle as an egg, transition into a larva, and change into an adult. This would be classified as _______________ metamorphosis. a. complete b. incomplete c. holometabolous d. ametabolous

DIF, used for height management of crops, is the difference between the daytime temperature and A) temperature requirement B) morning temperature C) nighttime temperature D) none of the above.

In commercial greenhouses, which of the following methods are commonly used as a way to regulate plant growth without using chemicals? A) crop timing B) water stress C) container size D) all of the above

Agrobacerium tumefaciens is a pathogen that is commonly known as A) crown gall B) flower distortion C) clorotic mottle D) none of the above

The recommended pH level for greenhouse crops in a soilless medium is A) 3.0-3.5 B) 5.6-6.2 C) 4.0-4.3 D) all of the above

The virtual visual path that directs eye movement through a composition is__________. A) pattern B) line C) form D) none of the above

Orange, green and violet are________ colors. A) primary B) secondary C) intermediate D) tertiary

The fundamental guidelines to aesthetic design that governs the organization of the elements and materials in accordance with the laws of nature are known the __________. A) Elements of Design B) Transitions of Design C) Principles of Design D) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT a plant hormone that can be used as a plant growth regulator? A) ethylene B) anthocyanin C) abscisic acid D) gibberellin

A 28 gauge florist wire is ________ than 18 gauge florist wire. A) thicker B) thinner C) longer D) shorter

The LD50 of a pesticide indicates: A) the amount of the pesticide required to kill half of a test population of the test subject B) the time before re-entry into a chemically treated area C) the amount of chemical needed for effective pest control D) none of the above

Pesticide toxicity is measured in LD50 or LC50 numbers. Which of the following LD50 numbers for pesticides is the most toxic? A) 295 mg/kg B) 1217 mg/kg C) 34 mg/kg D) 4,237 mg/kg

The planned area within a floral design, which is devoid of flowers, foliage or other objects, but is still integral to the design is known as ___________. A) the focal area B) positive space C) negative space D) all of the above

The placement of materials at different levels within and around a floral arrangement helps to establish _____________. A) pattern B) form C) depth D) balance

With mat irrigation, water moves by ____________ from the mat into the root substrate in the pot to maintain constant moisture. A) zero-leaching B) capillary action C) xeri-action D) overhead

The cost of the plant materials (i.e. cost of seeds, cuttings, bulbs, or other plant propagules) would be examples of ______ costs on a financial planning sheet. A) wholesale B) overhead C) fixed D) direct

Achromatic, monochromatic, analogous and complementary are a few of the classically recognized ___________. A) hues B) color values C) color harmonies D) none of the above

When propagating asexually, roses can be reproduced from____________________. A) vegetative cuttings B) budded plants C) grafted plants D) all of the above.

Soil pH is based on the concentration of ____________ ions in the soil. A) calcium B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) sulfur

Which of these describes edema in geraniums? A) water soaked blisters generally on the underside of the leaf B) swelling of the stem of the plant C) no visual effects to the foliage of the plant D) root disorder causing the demise of the plant

Which of the following is NOT a part of the pistil of the plant? A) Style B) Ovary C) stigma D) filament

The ________ phase begins when a plant's seed germinates and grows, producing leaves, stems, and roots. A) annual B) dormancy C) reproductive D) vegetative

The tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf through which gas enters and escapes are _____. A) Cuticle B) Petiole C) stipule D) stomata

The process of a plant losing water through the leaves in the form of water vapor is referred to as ________ . A) dehydration B) photosynthesis C) respiration D) transpiration

The waxy coating, called the _____________, serves to prevent excessive water loss from the leaf tissues. A) axil B) blade C) cuticle D) vein

Lime furnishes ______________, one of the most important of the macro food elements. A) potassium B) phosphorus C) sulfur D) calcium

Auxin is responsible for apical dominance in plants. Auxin is produced in three places in the plant located in the A) main stem, older leaves, and flowers B) flower buds, leaf buds, and fruit C) leaf petiole, shoot tips, and main older roots D) Shoot tips, young leaf blades, and root tips

A complete fertilizer is recommended for a greenhouse crop. Which fertilizer analysis below is NOT a complete fertilizer? A) 16-4-8 B) 10-0-10 C) 5-10-10 D) 17-17-17

Mass flowers include all of the following except: A) chrysanthemums B) baby's Breath C) carnations D) zinnias

Two hues directly opposite each other on the color wheel are _________ colors. A) diadic B) monchromatic C) polychromatic D) complementary

Broken, implied, and continuous are all part of which element of floral design? A) space B) line C) color D) texture

Light inside a greenhouse is measured in ________________________. A) solar energy B) foot light C) foot candles D) solar candles

Poinsettias require a ______________ to produce colored bracts. A) short day photoperiod B) long day photoperiod C) cool day temperature regime D) cool night temperature regime

Thrips can be effectively managed in the greenhouse by using: A) a biological control such as the predator 'swirski mite' B) a chemical control such as the insecticide spinosad C) screening over vents and other openings D) all of the above

An insect ________ generally does not kill insects, but instead drives them away before they attack the plant. A) attractant B) pheromone C) repellent D) sterilant

To help identify plants, flower forms are grouped as to their position or arrangement on a stem. The flower position or arrangement is known as A) flower inflorescence B) perfect flower C) imperfect flower D) flower calyx

After pollination and fertilization, the flower petals begin to drop and the ovary and other surrounding parts enlarge and develop into a ________ A) fruit B) leaf C) new flower D) raceme

Which of the following diseases does NOT affect the root system of plants? A) Botrytis B) Pythium C) Rhizoctonia D) Phyrophthora

The Environmental Protection Agency establishes toxicity categories for pesticides based on how soon one can reenter the area after it has been treated with the pesticide. Which toxicity level can be reentered immediately after pesticide application? A) Toxicity 1 B) Toxicity 2 C) Toxicity 3 D) Toxicity 4

In order to preserve foliage in a more natural, pliable state, place stems in: A) glycerin B) bleach C) herbicidal soap D) borax

Greenhouse glazing is: A) material sprayed on the roof of a greenhouse to change light intensity B) the transparent cover of the greenhouse frame C) the amount of solar energy that reaches the plants in a greenhouse D) a measure of heat loss from a greenhouse

When water is not applied frequently enough, plants wilt and A) photosynthesis is slowed. B) plant growth is slowed. C) cell production is reduced. D) all of the above

Plants are divided into C3 and C4 groups. C4 plants are differentiated from C3 plants by which of the following? A) C4 plants flower in shades of red where as C3 plants do not B) C4 plants have a higher relative photosynthesis rate C) C4 plants are not as efficient at using carbon dioxide D) C4 plants cannot function as well under high temperature and light conditions

A plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant is known as a ________. A) clone B) seedling C) replica D) hybrid

Cross-pollination occurs when pollen grains from the flowers on one plant transfer to the ________ of flowers on another plant. A) anther B) ovary C) stigma D) style

________ is a process of events whereby the seed embryo goes from a dormant state to an actively growing state. A) broadcasting B) fertilization C) germination D) pollination

Some seeds have a hard seed coat that must be soaked or scratched before the seeds are able to germinate. This process is called .________ A) drenching B) forcing C) scarification D) stratification

The ________ is the food storage tissue in the seed that nourishes the plant during germination. A) embryonic root B) endosperm C) seed coat D) seed leaf

______ is a gray-white soil mix material of volcanic origin that is most commonly used to improve aeration of growing media. A) Coir B) Peat moss C) Perlite D) Vermiculite

The ability of a plant to withstand colder temperatures is known as .________ A) cold-sensitive B) heat-tolerant C) hardiness D) morphology

_________ are plants characterized by one cotyledon in the seedling stage, flower parts in threes or multiples thereof, and parallel leaf venation. A) Dicots B) Evergreens C) Monocots D) Perennials

The most important consideration in setting up an irrigation system is _________ quality. a) Air b) Water c) Soil d) Piping

_________ refers to the brightness or dullness of the color within a hue. a) Value b) Intensity c) Chroma d) Triad

A standard water analysis usually includes __________________, __________________, and __________________ a) pH, EC, alkalinity b) fluoride, aluminum, zinc c) iron, sulfates, boron d) potassium, calcium, sulfates

True or False: Pinching naturally accelerates a plant's branching. a) True b) False

The process of pinching a plant removes the _________ factory and eliminates the_________ concentration of the _________ hormone from the upper portion of the plant. a) auxin, high, inhibitory b) tunic, low, hibitory c) auxin, low, hibitory d) high, low, inhibitory

True or False: Oriental style arrangements are based on carefully placed branches, flowers, and small amounts of foliage. a) True b) False

Acid is injected into the irrigation water to neutralize the _________ a) growth b) volume c) alkalinity d) light

The most common acids used for alkalinity control are _________, _________, and _________ a) phosphoric, sulfuric, nitric b) sodium, calcium, potassium c) sulfuric, magnesium, manganese d) citric, ethanoic, tartaric

Packaging foiled plants for removal from the shop is most easily done by using: a) a plastic tub b) a carboard box c) a sleeve d) a large bag

True or False: Mold growth is almost always nonpathogenic to your crop. a) True b) False

When several types of smaller specimens of foliage plants are placed in a brass or pottery container, a _________ is created. a) split complementary design b) triad design c) garden dish d) floral leaf bowl

In plant nutrition, EC refers to _________ a) Economic Conditions b) Electrical Conductivity c) Environmental Conditions d) Electrical Conduit

The general pH range for greenhouse crops in a soilless medium is _________ a) 5.4 - 6.8 b) 4.0 - 6.0 c) 7.2 - 8.1 d) 4.5 - 8.6

In floral design, _________ gives the illusion that all of the flower stems are coming from one point. a) radiation b) physical balance c) visual balance d) symmetrical balance

True or False: Water alkalinity is a measure of basic ions, mainly bicarbonates and carbonates, dissolved in the water. a) True b) False

_________ analysis can be conducted to determine the nutrient status of the crop or for problem solving. a) Stem b) Foliar c) pH d) Chemical

The _________ design makes an excellent centerpiece because it is attractive when viewed from either the front or the back. a) right-triangular b) horizontal c) equilateral triangular d) vertical

True or False: Boutonnieres should not be designed with a bow. a) True b) False

Immediate steps to lower the medium's EC are _________ and _________ a) Increase fertilizer rate, increase fertilization frequency b) Lower fertilizer rate, decrease fertilization frequency c) Increase alkalinity levels, increase potassium bicarbonate d) Lower potassium-calcium-magnesium ratio, decrease magnesium sulfate

True or False: In general, plants will become heat stressed at night temperatures above 75°F (24°C) and day temperatures above 90°F (32°C). a) True b) False

The _________ tube is used to provide a stem for tube-shaped flowers. a) stephanotis b) hairpin c) skeleton d) corsage

The four elements of design in floral arrangements are _________, _________, _________, and _________. a) simplicity, beauty, custom, symbolism b) custom, line, color, texture, space c) line, form, texture, color d) none of the above

DIF is defined as: a) the difference in daytime temperature and the nighttime temperature b) the difference in fertilization c) data interchange format d) difficulty in fertilization

The term daily light integral is used to describe the total quantity of light delivered within a 12 hour period. a) True b) False

The wholesale pricing method is based on the concept that _________ of the retail selling price is made up of the wholesale value of materials being used. a) 20% b) 40% c) 60% d) 50%

The biggest insect problems in plugs are _________ and _________ a) fungus gnats, shore flies b) foxglove aphids, chrysanthemum aphids c) silverleaf whiteflies, banded wing whiteflies d) broad mites and bulb mites

The area of emphasis on an arrangement is called the _________ a) recessed focal point b) radiation focal point c) weak focal point d) focal point accent

Traditional temperature regimes for greenhouse production are to run _________ days and _________ nights. a) cool, warm b) warm, cool c) cool, cool d) warm, warm

A common flaw in establishing a focal area is to: a) using flowers that are too large b) using flowers that are too small c) crowd the flowers together very closely d) not using enough flowers

Nitrogen deficiency, ammonium toxicity and phosphorus deficiency are some of the common reasons of _________ disorders in greenhouse crops. a) media b) nutrient c) water quality d) heating

Line-mass arrangements which are based on straight lines include vertical, diagonal, L-shaped, and _________. a) crescent b) inverted-T c) S-curve d) Hogarth curve

The formula for determining average daily temperature (ADT) is: a) (day temperature x hours) ÷ 24 b) (day temperature x hours) ÷ 12 c) (day temperature x hours) + (night temperature x hours) ÷ 24 d) (day temperature x hours) + (night temperature x hours) ÷ 12

True or False: A common guideline in floral design is to make the height of the arrangement at least 1-1/2 times the height of the container. a) True b) False

_________ is the art of organizing the design elements inherent in plant materials, container, and accessories according to the principles of design. a) Color design b) Flower arrangement c) Proportional balance d) Floral design

The most widely used mechanics item used for supporting flowers in arrangements is: a) chicken wire b) plastic grid c) tape d) floral foam

The premier student organization for young people interested in the floral industry is the _________ a) National Florist Association b) National FFA Organization c) National Horticulture Association d) Future Business Leaders Organization

Correcting high pH can be achieved by _________ a) using a high-ammonium fertilizer combined with low alkalinity b) using a low-ammonium fertilizer combined with high alkalinity c) applying potassium bicarbonate d) drenching soil with flowable lime

True or False: The stitch method is a foliage wiring technique used on solid or wide leaves so the leaves can be shaped and curved to fit the style and shape of a corsage or boutonniere. a) True b) False

A half-couch casket spray is: a) A triangular one-sided, hand-tied design. b) A small design displayed inside the casket lid. c) A large casket piece that is placed in the center of a closed full couch. d) A floral piece that is placed on the right of side of a half couch.

True or False: Boutonnieres should never be designed with more than a single flower. a) True b) False

Flower arrangements are more pleasing to the eye when their outline creates a _________ pattern. a) geometric b) round c) triangular d) crescent

True or False: Tulips, hyacinths, crocus, and daffodils are all flowering bulbs. a) True b) False

The _________ orchid is the largest of the orchid types used by florists for corsages. a) Cattleya b) Cymbidium c) Dendrobium d) Phalaenopsis

By tradition, on Mother's Day, a _________ flower or corsage is worn by a daughter as a symbol of love and honor for a living mother, and _________ flowers are worn as a memorial for a mother who is no longer living. a) white, pink b) yellow, white c) red, white d) pink, yellow

High or low fertility levels can _________ crop susceptibility to _________ and _________ a) decrease, heat, cold b) increase, insects, mites c) increase, heat, cold d) decrease, insects, mites

A _________ bouquet is a round bouquet that is based on the English nosegay of the Georgian and Victorian eras. a) cascade b) colonial c) arm d) crescent

_________ is the application of water-soluble fertilizers through the irrigation of water. a) Fertigation b) Irrigation c) Pre-plant fertilization d) Water motor-controlled injection

Considerations when planning a wedding include: a) Location of the wedding b) Time of year c) Budget range d) All of the above

Accented neutral, monochromatic, analogous, and split complementary are the most common _________ used by florists in designs. a) color schemes b) floral arrangements c) texture arrangements d) lines

_________ is a technique of positioning plant materials very close together to cover floral foam in organized lines or areas. a) Binding b) Pillowing c) Pavé d) Terracing

The optimum range for most crops growing in a soilless medium is _____________ -_____________ , because in this range micronutrients are _____________ enough to satisfy plant needs without becoming so _____________ as to be toxic) a) 7.35, 7.45, soluble, soluble b) 5.8, 6.4, soluble, soluble c) 5.14, 5.75, insoluble, insoluble d) 7.35, 7.45, insoluble, soluble

High humidity in the greenhouse causes plugs to _____________ and be soft due to lack of _____________ uptake. a) stretch, oxygen b) shrink, nitrogen C) shrink, calcium d) stretch, calcium

_____________ can become a problem when plugs are older and the plant canopy is tight. a) Botrytis b) Lobularia c) Vinca d) Celosia

Snapdragons can be stored for three to four days, dry or in water, at 40°F (4°C). a) True b) False

Campanula carpatica is an important _____________ flowering pot crop for a number of European growers. a) Fall b) Winter c) Summer d) Spring

You cannot change your poinsettia crop while it is growing based on the type of fertilizer you use. a) True b) False

Gladioli species and the cultivars produce a multi-flowered inflorescence that can contain _____________ to _____________ florets. a) 2,9 b) 10,25 c) 3, 13 d) 26,35

___________, or satin flower has been transformed from a unique and uncommon garden plant into a dependable cut flower for greenhouse and field production and for pot plant production. a) Godetia b) Gomphrena c) Gladiolus d) Geranium

Rudbeckia fulgida is also known as _____________ a) African violet b) Rosemary c) Black-eyed Susan d) Azalea

Azaleas are vegetatively propagated from stem or tip cuttings harvested from actively growing plants. While rooting is relatively easy, growing a "florist" azalea takes as long as _____________ to_____________ a) 12, 24 months b) 2, 3 months c) 2, 3 years d) 1, 2 years

The goal of propagation is to reproduce a selected plant type, such as a plant species, subspecies, variety, or cultivar. A plant species is defined as having naturally occurring, generic set of characteristics and is united with other closely related species by color, flowering time, and so on. a) True b) False

Exacum affine is an example of a species that is commercially cultivated) a) True b) False

Geophytes include any species that form modified plant _____________ for _____________ storage including bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, rhizomes, and pseudobulbs. a) fungus, oxygen b) organs, carbohydrate c) organs, nitrogen d) fungus, nitrogen

_____________ induces adventitious roots to form on stems while they are still attached to the parent plant. a) Division b) Budding c) Layering d) Grafting

_____________ is used in research to study physiological processes or plant diseases. a) Grafting b) Division c) Layering d) Budding

Various lamp types are available for floriculture use which can be divided into three basic types, incandescent, _____________, and _____________ a) HID b) Fluorescent c) Neither a or b d) Both a and b

Two common ways to reduce the light intensity in a greenhouse are with shade cloths and shading compounds. Shade cloth is available in a variety of types which reduce light by _____________ to_____________ %. a) 5, 15 b) 13, 24 c) 12, 18 d) 25,98

Yellow margins and necrotic edges, especially on lower leaves; leaves may curl up or down; root tips may be necrotic are all symptoms of what type of toxicity? a) Nitrogen b) Calcium c) Ammonium d) Sulfur

_____________ _____________ regulation is defined as any chemical or process used to produce a specific type of growth response, such as inhibition of internode elongation or root development. a) Plant growth b) Abscisic acid c) Tissue Culture d) Root development

Chemical growth retardants are registered for use on vegetable or other edible bedding plants such as tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), peppers (Capsicum annuum), and herbs. a) True b) False

Tropical flowers like birds -of-paradise, anthurium, ginger and orchids should be kept in a separate cooler set with _____________ temperatures ( _____________° to _____________°). a) Cooler, 39°, 44° b) Warmer, 61°, 66° c) Warmer, 45°, 50° d) Cooler, 57°, 60°

Match the Common name with the scientific name of the Indoor flowering Plants. Primrose a) Clivia miniata b) Primula malacoides c) Rhododendron d) Pelargonium hortorum

Match the Common name with the scientific name of the Indoor flowering Plants. Azalea a) Clivia miniata b) Primula malacoides c) Rhododendron d) Pelargonium hortorum

Match the Common name with the scientific name of the Indoor flowering Plants. Kafir Lily a) Clivia miniata b) Primula malacoides c) Rhododendron d) Pelargonium hortorum

Match the Common name with the scientific name of the Indoor flowering Plants. Geranium a) Clivia miniata b) Primula malacoides c) Rhododendron d) Pelargonium hortorum

Corsages are most commonly worn on the _____________ _____________ a) left shoulder b) right shoulder c) left wrist d) right wrist

Which one of the four plants listed below originated in the Mediterranean region? a) Mystus Communis b) Monstera deliciosa c) Maranta leuconeura d) Magnolia grandiflora

Name the plant that fits the following description. Long, round, hollow, leafless stems up to 4 feet long and 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide with furrowed ridges running the length of stem segments. Silica in ridges gives surface rough quality. a) Euonymus japonica (Euon; mus) b) Dracaena sanderana (Ribbon Plant) c) Equisetum hyemale (Horsetail, Scouring Rush) d) Eucalyptus pulverulenta (Eucalyptus)

Name the plant that fits the following description. Twisting vine with bunches of bright orange berries, revealed when fruit dehisces ( bursts open). a) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana ( Port Orchard Cedar) b) Camellia japonica (Camellia) c) Calocedrus decurrens (Incense Cedar) d) Celastrus scandens (Bittersweet)

What is blue or violet in color; individual flowers shaped like a helmet or hood with a beak in front. Flowers arranged on a spike-like raceme while available in summer and fall. a) Monkshood b) Acacia, Mimosa c) Yarrow d) Lily-of-the-Nile, African Lily

The classical period of floral design from (28 BC - 325 AD) was the _____________ period) a) Egyptian b) Greek c) Roman d) Byzantine

The Italian artist Michelangelo greatly influenced the artistic transition from the classical _____________ style to the lavish mood of the _____________ period) This style of design became most highly developed by the painters of Holland and Belgium, who used floral arrangements placed to complement the settings for their paintings. a) Byzantine, Roman b) Egyptian, Greek c) Renaissance, Baroque d) None of the above

The S-curve was created by an English painter named William Hogwarts, who described this style as the "line of beauty." This style of flower arrangement, the Hogwartian curve, is still quite popular in modern design because it utilizes a rhythmic, asymmetrical balance. a) True b) False

The art of Japanese flower arranging has evolved through various periods. The basic Japanese floral design styles are Ikenobo, Rikkwa, Shokwa, Nageire, Moribana, and Jiyu-Bana) Which arrangement style was established as a refinement of the art and ritual of flower use for Japanese Buddhist temple altars? a) Rikkwa b) Nageire c) Jiyu-bana d) Ikenobo

The first rules for Japanese floral design were written in the early eleventh century. These rules applied to the _____________ style, which depicted natural scenes and utilized the following three structural elements in each design: Shin, Soe and Tai. a) Rikkwa b) Nageire c) Jiyu-bana d) Ikenobo

Through the development of the _____________ style, Japanese flower arrangements evolved into the three-dimensional designs that were later adapted into Western floral arrangements. a) Rikkwa b) Nageire c) Jiyu-bana d) Ikenobo

In all arrangements when looking at the principles of design, the floral designer is striving for emphasis, balance, proportion, _____________, _____________, and unity. a) texture, color b) depth, height c) rhythm, harmony d) interest, desire

The use of negative spaces or voids within the arrangement is equally as important as sizes of flowers in creating a pleasing proportion. a) True b) False

An analogous color scheme is created by combining any three _____________ found next to each other on the color wheel. The color scheme has a great emotional appeal because any three colors that lie next to each other on the color wheel were developed from a single primary color. a) shades b) tones c) tints d) hues

A monochromatic color scheme is created from flowers and foliage with the tints and shades of a single _____________ a) value b) tone c) hue d) none of the above

Filler flowers add a finishing touch to an arrangement. The two types of filler flowers used in flower arrangements are _____________ and _____________ a) leather leaf, lemon leaf b) bunch, feather c) texture, fluffer leaf d) depth, height

The temperature that benefits the majority of the flowers held by a florist is 350-40° F _____________ °C) a) 4°, 4.5° b) 7°, 12° c) 50, 7.5° d) 15°, 17°

The size of the wire is listed according to its gauge number. The higher the gauge number, the _____________ wire. a) heavier b) lighter c) finer d) none of the above

Several different types of grafting have been developed including _____________, splice, side, _____________, side-veneer, cleft, bark, and approach grafting. a) swirl (tongue), budding b) whip (tongue), ring (annular) c) T (shield), inverted T d) whip (tongue), side-tongue

Soluble salts refer to the total dissolved ions in media water solutions. Soluble salts are measured by means of electrical conductivity (EC); the lesser the soluble salt concentration, the more easily an electrical current will pass through a medium water solution. a) True b) False

_____________ are/is the fiber of a palm tree used like string or ribbon to tie things together. a) Salal leaves b) Cornucopia c) Raffia d) none of the above

_____________, commonly called _____________ throughout the trade, is the traditional filler flower for mixed bouquets and arrangements. a) Gladiolus, gla b) Gloxinia, Glox c) Godetia, Gode d) Gypsophila, gyp

Sunflower is also known as _____________ a) Helianthus b) Helichrysum c) Heliotropium d) Hemerocallis

Daylily also known as _____________ a) Helianthus b) Helichrysum c) Heliotropium d) Hemerocallis

Amaryllis also known as _____________ a) Hosta spp. b) Hippeastrum hybrids c) Hydrangea d) Hibiscus moscheutos/H. hybrids

Wreaths, garlands, loose flowers and petals were the floral design styles used during which historical floral period? A. Greek and Roman B. Victorian C. Art Deco D. Art Nouveau

Which historical floral period includes floral design styles that were massed, rounded and fan shaped? A. Egyptian B. Art Deco C. American Colonial D. Oriental

Which principal of design is defined as 'a oneness or being complete in itself'? A. Harmony B. Unity C. Proportion D. Line

What color adaptation is created by adding gray to a pure hue? A. Chroma B. Tint C. Tone D. Shade

Which color scheme or color harmony includes hues that are adjacent to each other on the color wheel? A. Complementary B. Analogous C. Monochromatic D. Triadic

When an arrangement is too small for its surroundings, it is said to be out of _______________. A. Harmony B. Tone C. Rhythm D. Proportion

Which color harmony uses two hues that are directly opposite to each other on the color wheel? A. Complementary B. Analogous C. Monochromatic D. Triadic

An appropriate lightweight wire to use for corsage construction is: A. #18 gauge B. #9 gauge C. #22 gauge D. #28 gauge

Chrysanthemums, Asters, Daisies, and other flat-faced flowers are wired for corsages using which method? A. Pierce B. Hook-Wiring C. Stitch D. Clutch or Wrap-Around

Which item is a floral piece worn by a man and typically worn on the right-side jacket lapel, near the buttonhole? A. Corsage B. Wristlet C. Boutonniere D. Clutch

Which of the following elements of design allows each flower/form to have its own individual importance? A. Depth B. Space C. Form D. Line

Which bouquet style would be best for a full wedding gown with a long train? A. Tussy Mussy B. Cascading C. Presentation D. Round Cluster

A Hogarth Curve floral design is created by A. An "O" shape B. A "C" shape C. A "S" shape D. A "H" shape

Clogged stems in cut flowers are caused by an air embolism. An air embolism is A. Where disease organisms move into the flower from the air clogging the stem. B. Where a bubble of air enters the xylem preventing water from reaching the flower. C. Where the different between room and flower cooler temperature clog the stem. D. Where the flower stem clogs when the flower cooler temperature drops below 36 degrees F.

Which wiring method should be used for carnations when they are to be used in corsages and boutonnieres? A. Piercing B. Clutch C. Hook D. Stitch

The part of the plant stem that produces all new cells is the A. Heartwood B. Xylem C. Phloem D. Cambium

In the following list of pesticides the ________________ must be mixed with water to apply. A. Emulsifiable concentrate B. Granules C. Dusts D. Baits

An acid loving crop grows best at a pH of ____________. A. 6.8-7.4 B. 6.2-6.8 C. 4.5-5.8 D. 5.8-6.2

Auxins and gibberellic acid are hormones in plants that promote growth through ____________________. A. Cell division B. Cell enlargement C. Cell specialization D. Cell protection

Double layer poly should have how much space between layers for proper inflation and full insulation? A. 1 inch B. 12-14 inches C. At least 2 feet D. 6-8 inches

In a horticulture business, the product you choose to produce and retail should be at what price above the total production and marketing costs (all fixed and variable costs) to make it feasible to produce and sell? A. 100% B. 150% C. 250% D. 500%

The amount of light a plant receives greatly influences root growth, shoot growth, and flowering. The highest quality greenhouse plants need ______________ foot candles of light per day? A. 500-1,000 B. 2,000-3,000 C. 4,000-6,000 D. 7,000-8,000

Botrytis often presents itself on flowers as gray mold. This disease is caused by a(an) __________. A. Fungus B. Virus C. Bacteria D. Environmental Condition

The ______________ container is 1⁄2 as high as it is wide. A. Standard pot B. Bulb pan C. Azalea pot D. Mum pot

Greenhouse production often requires insecticides to be sprayed to prevent insect damage on flowers. Insecticides that are applied in gaseous form are ________________________. A. Systemic B. Fumigants C. Contact D. Repellents

Rubber Plants are commonly reproduced through an asexual propagation method known as ___________, which is shown to the right. A. Air layering B. Compound layering C. Whip or tongue grafting D. Cleft grafting

Most plants grow best in the 40-80 percent relative _____________ range. This is the amount of moisture that is contained in the air surrounding the plant. A. Foot candles B. Particles C. Humidity D. Dew point

One popular way of identifying plants is to observe their leaf ____________; which will tell the person if the leaves are opposite, alternate, whorled, etc. A. Arrangement B. Margins C. Shape D. Forms

A growing media amendment that is grown primarily in marshes, bogs or swamps and has a high- water holding capacity is known as ___________. A. Perlite B. Vermiculite C. Sand D. Peat Moss

In order to have a year-round supply of cut flowers, such as Tulips and Crocus, that grow from bulbs; greenhouse growers are known to __________ bulbs. This means they plant bulbs out of season and grow them in a cold or refrigerated area for 10-12 weeks. A. Force B. Fertilize C. Prune D. Divide

The waxy coating on the outside of a leaf, called the __________, serves to prevent excessive water loss from the leaf tissues. A. Petiole B. Stoma C. Cuticle D. Vein

When a plant is showing signs of ___________ deficiency, you might notice the leaves turning a dark to reddish leaf color. A. Nitrogen B. Phosphorus C. Potassium D. Sunlight

The item "labeled X" in the figure below, is the ____________, which attaches the leaf to the stem. A. Petiole B. Stipule C. Midrib D. Apex

The _____________ civilization is credited with being one of the first cultures to use floral arrangements in their homes. A. American B. Greek C. European D. Egyptian

The height of an arrangement should be at least ___________ times the container's greatest dimension. A. 1⁄2 B. 1 1⁄2 C. 3 D. 5

Flowers, such as Baby's Breath or Aster, are commonly referred to as ____________ flowers in floral arrangements. A. Texture B. Focal C. Filler D. Form

Which of the following greenhouse substrate components is derived from volcanic rock? A. Vermiculite B. Perlite C. Peat D. Bark Medium

Which of the following flowers could be used as a focal point in a floral design? A. Wax flower B. Bird-of-Paradise C. Miniature Carnation D. Leatherleaf Fern

The primary benefit(s) of shading a greenhouse is (are): A. To keep the greenhouse temperatures lower B. To reduce light intensity C. To reduce pest populations D. A and B

The process of _______________ is when a plant loses water through stomata. A. Transduction B. Translocation C. Transpiration D. None of the above

A greenhouse pest that is small with tan, feather-like wings would likely be a ______________________. A. Fungus gnat B. Greenhouse whitefly C. Western flower thrip D. Shore fly

_______________ is when a plant secretes a substance to inhibit growth of another plant. A. Allelopathy B. Anthesis C. Transcription D. Translation

The first thing to do before applying a pesticide is ____________________. A. Fill the spray tank B. Read the label C. Put on personal protective equipment D. Rinse out the sprayer tank

___________ is the development of a plant from a seed or spore. A. Scarification B. Stratification C. Vernalization D. Germination

Aluminum can affect the color of what florist's flower? A. Hydrangea B. Dahlia C. Zinnia D. Asiatic Lily

If one were to make a tint of yellow, what color would be added? A. Black B. Gray C. White D. Any of the above

Which of the following could be used to preserve or dry flowers and foliage? A. Silica gel B. Sand C. Glycerin D. All of the above

Which of the following would be a direct cost in a floral shop: A. Cut flowers in the cooler B. Insurance for the shop's building C. Energy bills D. Membership fee for FTD

The following is not a characteristic of an insect: A. Two tentacles B. Six legs C. Two pairs of wings D. Three body segments

Most indoor foliage plants need which kind of lighting? A. Direct sunlight B. Bright indirect light C. Medium light D. Bright light