American Pageant, Volume 1: American Pageant Chapter 22 Flashcards

1. How would the South be rebuilt? 2. How would liberated blacks fare as free men and women? 3. How would Southern states be reintegrated into the Union? 4. Who would direct the process of Reconstruction (Southern states, president, or Congress)?

Imprisoned for two years, but was finally released.

The odds were that no Virginian jury would convict him.

The rebel leaders were pardoned by President Johnson as a Christmas present in 1868.

1. Banks and businesses had locked their doors. 2. Factories were dismantled. 3. transportation system broken down (partially due to Sherman's march)

1) Cotton fields only yielded weeds 2) slave labor system had collapsed 3) seed was scarce 4) livestock had been driven off by Yankees

They were temporarily humbled. Slavery, their primary source of wealth, was gone.

They were re-enslaved and had to be re-emancipated.

Loyalty to the plantation master prompted some slaves to resist the liberating Union armies, while other slaves burst forward violently on the day of emancipation.

With suspicion and uncertainty. Many changed their names and demanded whites formally address them as "Mr." and "Mrs." Others sought nicer clothing.

To search for lost family members.

Many men and woman formalized "slave marriages"

25,000 blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi who surged in a mass exodus to Kansas from 1878 to 1880.

When steamboat captains refused to ship more of them across the Mississippi River.

The church became the focus of the black community.

Black churches helped give rise to mutual aid societies that helped blacks protect their freedom.

Demand outstripped the quantity of black teachers.

It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to both freedmen and to white refugees.

Oliver O. Howard

Education. The Freedman's Bureau taught 200,000 blacks how to read.

Although the bureau was authorized to settle former slaves on 40 acre tracts confiscated from Confederates, little land actually made it into blacks' hands. Instead local administrators often collaborated with planters in expelling blacks from towns and cajoling them into signing labor contracts with their former masters.

Johnson hated the Freedman's Bureau and repeatedly tried to kill it.

The Freedman's Bureau expired in 1872.

Johnson was born to poor North Carolinian parents and orphaned early. He never went to school and was apprenticed as a tailor at 10. He taught himself to read and his wife taught him how to write and do simple math.

Johnson attracted favorable attention from the North when he refused to secede with his own state, Tennessee.

Johnson was chosen to attract support from the War Democrats?

Johnson had typhoid fever and took some whiskey with unfortunate results.

Johnson was intelligent, able, forceful, honest, devoted to duty and to his people, and a states' rights and Constitution champion.

1. Southerner who did not understand the North 2. A Tennessean who earned he distrust of the South 3. A Democrat who had never been accepted by Republicans 4. A president who had never been elected to the office

Lincoln believed the Southern states never legally withdrew from the Union.

the 10% plan decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be to form a state government.

The Republicans were afraid of the planter aristocracy coming back to power and the possible re-enslavement of blacks.

Wade-Davis Bill required 50% of state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln's as the price of readmission into the Union.

Lincoln pocket-vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill.

A veto when Congress is out of session

They refused to seat a delegate from Louisiana after that state had reorganized its government in accordance with Lincoln's 10% plan in 1864.

Many people in Congress thought that the seceders had left the Union and could only be reentered as "conquered provinces"

The majority moderate group tended to agree with Lincoln that the seceded states would reenter the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable-though on Congress's terms, not the president's. The minority radial group believed the South should atone more painfully for its sins by having its social structure uprooted, the haughty planters punished, and the blacks protected by federal power.

The radicals thought that Johnson, who shared their hatred for the planter aristocracy, would also share their desire the reconstruct the South with a rod of iron.

He recognized several of them quickly and agreed with Lincoln that the seceded states never left the Union/

1) disfranchised certain leading Confederates, including those with taxable property worth $20,000+ (though they might petition him for personal pardons) 2) it called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate dents, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th Amendment

He enjoyed having the high-toned aristocrats beg for his favor.

The Black Codes were laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated blacks.

Mississippi's Black Codes were the harshest and Georgia's Black Codes were the most lenient.

The Black Codes aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. Many whites wanted to make sure they retained the tight control they had exercised over black field hands and plow drivers in the days of slavery.

1) Committed to work for the same employer for one year usually at pittance wages. 2) In Mississippi captured freedmen could be fined then hired out to pay their fine.

1) Freedmen could not assemble without the presence of a white person. 2) Freedmen were not to be taught how to read or write. 3) Public facilities were segregated

The Black Codes also sought to restore the pre-emancipation system of race relations. All codes forbade blacks to serve on a jury and vote, and some forbade a black from renting and leasing land.

They became sharecropper farmers

Many former Confederate leaders showed up

ex-Confederate leaders who showed up as congressional delegates in the Capitol

the 3/5 Compromise was revoked and now the slaves counted for 5/5 of a person, giving the Southern states 12 more votes in Congress and in presidential elections.

Johnson vetoing the extension of the Freedman's Bureau

It conferred on blacks American citizenship and stuck at the Black Codes

He vetoed it

Congress overrode Johnson's veto and passed the Civil Rights Bill

Republicans feared that Southerners might one day win control of Congress and repeal the hated Civil Rights Bill

It contained the principles of the Civil Rights Bill 1) conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding franchise, on the freedmen 2) reduced proportionality the representation of a state in Congress and the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot 3) disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn "to support the Constitution of the United States" 4) guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts

to reject it

No state should be readmitted into the Union unless they ratify the 14th Amendment.

Tennessee

Johnson gave a series of "give ;em hell" speeches, in which he accused the radicals in Congress of having planned large-scale antiblack riots and murder in the South. Helped opponent win the congressional elections of 1866. More than 2/3s of both houses of Congress was now Republican.

Led radicals in the Senate and labored for racial equality and black freedom.

Congressman from PA who was the most powerful radical in the House. Defended blacks in court without fee and requested a black burial ceremony. Leading figure in the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. Hated rebellious white Southerners.

It was necessary to enfranchise black voters.

The Reconstruction Act divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by blue-clad soldiers. It also disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates.

1) Wayward states required to ratify 14th Amendment 2) Guarantee full suffrage for their former adult male slaves

To create an electorate in Southern states that would vote those states back into the Union on acceptable terms and thus free the federal government form direct responsibility for the protection of black rights.

Radical Republicans feared the unrepentant states would amend their constitutions so as to withdraw the ballot from blacks.

sought to provide constitutional protection for the suffrage provisions in the Reconstruction Act

Usurped certain functions of the president as commander in chief and set up a martial regime of dubious legality.

Military tribunals could not try civilians where the civil courts were open.

Remained under Republican rule than white Redeemers, which were Democrats, took over once federal troops left.

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Gathered 400,000 signatures on petitions asking Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery

An organization started by Southern black men. Assisted by Northern blacks, freedmen turned the League into a network of political clubs that educated members on their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates. Mission expanded to include building black churches and schools, representing black grievances before local employers and government, and recruiting militias to protect black communities from white retaliation.

Attended parades and rallies and helped assemble mass meetings in black churches. Showed up at constitutional conventions monitoring the proceedings and participating in informal voting.

Black men elected as delegates to state constitutional conventions

Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce

Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs, accused of plundering the treasuries of Southern states through their political influence in the radical governments.

Sleazy Northerners who had packed up all their worldly goods in a carpetbag suitcase at the war's ends and had come south to seek personal power and wealth.

Former Union soldiers and Northern businessmen and professionals who wanted to play a role in modernizing the "New South"

1. radical legislatures passed much desirable legislation and introduced many needed reforms 2. steps were taken in establishing adequate public schools 3. tax systems were streamlined 4. public works were launched 5. property rights granted to women 6) in LA and SC inexperienced blacks were sometimes used as pawns

founded in TN. designed to frighten "upstart" blacks

response to KKK; ruled out much of "lash law"

unfair literacy tests

Designed as first step to remove Johnson. required president to secure consent of the senate before he could remove one of his appointees once they had been approved by that body. one purpose to freeze Edwin M. Stanton in cabinet who spied on Johnson.

Johnson fired Stanton to put a test case before the Supreme Court. Not impeached y margin of 1 vote.

1. fear of creating destabilizing precedent 2. opposition to abusing the constitutional mechanism of checks and balances 3. next in line for presidency, Benjamin Wade was a bad candidate 4. Johnson agreed to stop obstructing Republican policies in return for remaining in office

foreign relations (purchase of Alaska)

1. overextended in US 2. did not want Britain to take control; preferred US because they wanted to strengthen it against Britain

William Seward signed a contract with Russia that transferred Alaska to the US for $7.2 million

1. Since Russia had been friendly to US during Civil War, US did not think it polite to reject gift 2. territory rumored to be teeming with furs, fish, and gold