Campbell Biology, 11th Ed: Biology Exam II Flashcards

2 nuclei, simple mitochondria

• Giardia lamblia (Hiker's diarrhea)

Simple mitochondria, no plastids

• Trichomonas vaginalis (causes UTI's)
• Trichonympha (termite gut symbiont)

(crystal rod in flagella)

• Euglenoids e.g. Euglena (mixotrophic)
• Kinetoplastids
  • Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness, tse tse flies)
  • Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease, kissing bug)

(have alveoli (sacs) under cell surface)

• Dinoflagellates (some are bioluminescent)
  • Red tides, e.g. Pfiesteria piscicida
  • Coral symbionts (McD's of the seas)
• Apicomplexans (complex of organelles at apex)
  • Plasmodium vivax (malaria, mosquitoes)
• Ciliates (Paramecium, Stentor)

(Hairy flagella)

• Bacillariophyta = Diatoms (e.g. diatomaceous earth)
• Crysophyta = Golden algae (carotene & xanthophyll)
• Phaeophyta = Brown algae (e.g. giant kelp) fucoxanthin
• Oomycota (water mold, white rust, downy mildew)
  • Saprolegnia (white fuzz on dead fish)
  • Phytophthora infestans (Irish potato famine)
  • Convergent evolution in oomycetes and fungi

reinforced thread-like pseudopodia

Thread-like pseudopodia poke through pores

(Thread-like pseudopodia)

• Paulinella chromatophora
  • Sausage shaped chromatophore

• Gymnaemoebas (free-living)
  • Amoeba
• Entamoebas (parasitic)
• Plasmodial Slime Molds (1 super cell, 2n)
• Cellular Slime Molds (many cells, 1n)

Red algae

phycoerythrin absorbs shorter wavelengths of light. e.g. Nori, agar

Green algae

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light.

e.g. Ulva, Sea lettuce, multicellular protist

Spherical

Rod-shaped

Spiral-shaped

Comma-shaped

• Simple cell walls
• Lots of peptidoglycan
• Stains violet

• Complex cell walls
• Less peptidoglycan
• Stains red

• Energy source
  • Light
• Carbon source
  • CO2

• Energy source
  • Inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3)
• Carbon source
  • CO2

• Energy source
  • Light
• Carbon source
  • Organic compounds

• Energy source
  • Organic compounds
• Carbon source
  • Organic compounds

• Energy source
  • Alive
• Carbon source
  • Alive

• Energy source
  • Dead
• Carbon source
  • Dead

Requires O2 to live

Does not require O2 to live

Can grow in the presence of O2 (makes ATP by cellular respiration) or in the absence of O2 (fermentation).

Poisons secreted by some prokaryotes

• Clostridium botulinum (paralysis)
• Clostridium tetani (Muscle contraction, lockjaw)
• Streptococcus pyogenes

Poisons in the cell wall

• Salmonella (food poisoning)

e.g. Rhizobium (nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH3)

• Nitrosomas (nitrifying bacteria: NH4+ to NO2-)
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea, #2 STD)

• Enteric bacteria (inhabit intestines)
  • Escherichia coli (0157:H7)
  • Salmonella (endotoxin food poisoning)
  • Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
• Legionella (Legionnaire's disease)(amoebas)
• Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague) (fleas)

Bdellovibrio (fast predator of other bacteria)

Heliobacter pylori (GI ulcers)

• #1 STD
• #1 cause of blindness worldwide
• Survive only in host animal cells, no peptidoglycan

• Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
• Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease, deer ticks)
  • Oak acorn mast connection

• Streptomyces (source of >1/2 our antibiotics)
• "mycetes" or "myces" endings to the names like in fungi. Colonies resemble the hyphae of fungus, hence the ending)
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
• Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
• Clostridium tetani (tetanus)

Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

• Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Flesh-eating exotoxin
• Streptococcus mutans (cavities)

Mycoplasmas (walking pneumonia)

Only prokaryotes that do oxygenic photosynthesis

• e.g. Oscillatoria (e.g. Red Sea)

Break down dead organisms, waste

Treat sewage, produce methane gas

Vitamin K production in your gut

• Thermophiles
• Halophiles
• Methanogens

• Proteobacteria
• Chlamydias
• Spirochetes
• Gram + bacteria
• Cyanobacteria

Change movement for pattern in response to chemicals

Towards nutrients or oxygen

Away from a toxic substance

Rapid reproduction, mutation and genetic recombination.

Need O2 for cellular respiration to survive

Are poisoned by O2.

Symbiosis

Mutualism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Pathogens

Lyme disease.

Endosymbiosis