The aboveground portions, such as the stem and leaves, of a vascular plant.

A succession of repeated developmental units, consisting of a node with its attached leaf (or leaves), the internode below the leaf (or leaves), and the bud (or buds) at the base of the internode.

The meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant.

The organization of the shoot apex of most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms, consisting of one or more peripheral layers of cells (the tunica layers) and an interior (the corpus).

The tunica layers undergo surface growth (by anticlinal divisions), and the corpus undergoes volume growth (by divisions in all planes).

The ground tissue occupying the center of the stem or root within the vascular cylinder; usually consists of parenchyma.

Tissue region between vascular bundles in a stem.

Referring to nonwoody plants.

That part of a vascular bundle extending from the base of the leaf to its connection with a vascular bundle in the stem.

a vascular bundle that diverges from the axial bundles in the stem and enters a leaf.

In seed plants, region of parenchyma tissue in the primary vascular cylinder of a stem above the point of departure of the leaf trace or traces.

break in the vascular tissue of a stem above the point of attachment of a leaf trace

Vascular bundle belonging to the stem.

A stem bundle and its associated leaf traces.

The arrangement of leaves on a stem. Also called phyllotaxy.

The broad, expanded part of a leaf; the lamina.

The stalk of a leaf.

An appendage, often leaflike, on either side of the basal part of a leaf, or encircling the stem, in many kinds of flowering plants.

Attached directly by the base; referring to a leaf lacking a petiole or to a flower or fruit lacking a pedicel.

(1) The base of a leaf that wraps around the stem, as in grasses;

(2) a tissue layer surrounding another tissue, such as a bundle sheath.

The main axis of a spike; in ferns, the axis of a leaf (frond), from which the pinnae arise; in compound leaves, the extension of the petiole corresponding to the midrib of an entire leaf.

A plant that requires an environment that is neither too wet nor too dry.

A plant that depends on an abundant supply of moisture or that grows wholly or partly submerged in water.

A plant that has adapted to arid habitats.

The ground tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, located between the layers of epidermis; mesophyll cells generally contain chloroplasts.

A leaf tissue composed of columnar chloroplast-bearing parenchyma cells with their long axes at right angles to the leaf surface.

A leaf tissue composed of loosely arranged, chloroplast- bearing cells.

A vascular bundle forming part of the framework of the conducting and supporting tissue of a leaf or other expanded organ.

The arrangement of veins in the leaf blade that resembles a net; characteristic of the leaves of all angiosperms except for monocots. Also called reticulate venation.

The pattern of venation in which the principal veins of the leaf are parallel or nearly so; characteristic of monocots.

The small leaf vascular bundles, located in the mesophyll and enclosed by a bundle sheath; involved in distribution of the transpiration stream and uptake of the products of photosynthesis.

The larger leaf vascular bundles, which are associated with ribs; they are largely involved in the transport of substances into and out of the leaf.

Layer or layers of cells surrounding a vascular bundle; may consist of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells, or both.

Large epidermal cells present in longitudinal rows in grass leaves; believed to be involved in the mechanism of rolling and unrolling or folding and unfolding of the leaves. Also called motor cells.

The group of cells from which leaf primordia and root primordia are initiated.

The dropping off of leaves, flowers, fruits, or other plant parts, usually following the formation of an abscission zone.

The area at the base of a leaf, flower, fruit, or other plant part containing tissues that play a role in the separation of the plant part from the plant body.

A scar left on a twig when a leaf falls.

The region in the primary plant body showing transitional characteristics between structures of root and shoot.

A mutation that changes organ identity so that the wrong structures appear in the wrong place or at the wrong time.

Genes affecting floral organ identity.

A modified leaf or part of a leaf or a modified stem forming a slender, coiling structure that aids in support of the plant’s stems;

found only in some angiosperms.

A branch resembling a foliage leaf.

An enlarged, short, fleshy underground stem, such as that of the potato.

A stem that grows horizontally along the ground surface and may form roots, such as the runners of a strawberry plant.

Also called a runner.

A more or less horizontal underground stem.

A short underground stem covered by enlarged and fleshy leaf bases containing stored food.

A thickened underground stem, upright in position, in which food is accumulated, usually in the form of starch.

structural support, growth through increase in diameter (girth) and elongation, transport of fluids between the roots and the leaves.

the part of the plant from which shoots and buds arise

1. Dogwood, 2. oak, 3. sycamore, 4. sweetgum, 5. honeylocust

adaptation to reach sun without strong stem built

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, companion cell, sieve tube, vascular cambium, cells of ground tissue, epidermal cell.

vertical to surface

Example: tunica

parallel to surface

example: corpus (both anti and peri)

forms Epidermis

generates cell layers beneath epidermis

pith, cortex and vascular tissue

leaves and flowers

leaves

(a) Conifers, some dicots

(b) most dicots

(c) monocots

Tilia Americana

initial primary xylem differentiate first

Primary xylem differentiate later (after protoxylem)

underground root-like stem (iris, ginger)

fleshy underground stem (potatoe, yam)

underground stem with many scales (onion, garlic)

underground bulb-like structure, no scales gladiolus

above ground "runners" (strawberry)

above ground stems (rose)

Leaf-like stems contain nodes, flowers, leaces,

Examples: rucus asparagus, smilax, and various cactus

- 1 cotyledon

- floral part in threes

- parallel leaf veins

-pollen grain has one pore or furrow

- vascular bundles throughout stem's ground tissue

- 2 cotyledon

- floral parts in 4s or 5s

- netlike leaf veins

-pollen grain has three pores or furrows

- vascular bundles arranged in a ring

1. sieve tube members

2. sieve plates

3. companion cells

1. vessels

- usually 2 per bundle

- make up the eyes of the bundle

2. air space

3. tracheids

4. parenchyma

smaller, thicker, more mesophyll

larger, thinner, fewer mesophyll

abscission (death), carnivory, hydrophytes (aquatic plants), xerophytes (desert plants)

leaf is modified to trap insects for trace nutrients

arrangement of leaves on stem

one leaf per node

two leaves at same node

3/+ leaves at the same node

blade, petiole, stipules (small-leaf-like)

one blade

several blades

i. pinnate - ash walnut, hickory

ii. palmate - buckeye

buliform cells, trichomes glands

abaxial and adaxial, stomata, guard cells, cuticle, specialized epidermal cells (bullifom cells, trichomes, glands)

located on adaxial side

contain >80% of plastids

controls light intensity and damage

spongy appearance because of air spaces, allowing free gas flow

primary site for photosynthesis

xylem and phloem

often enclosed by bundle sheaths of sclerenchyma fibers

large amount of water

water lily - floats in water, large air gaps

adapted to arid climates

Nerium oleander - thick cuticle, restricted stomata, and trichomes

not wet or dry

daytime, K+ in Guard cells, H2O in Guard cells

pine, fir

reduced leaf

holding a flower

example: poinsettia, dogwood

leaf modified for food storage

examples: onion, tulip, lily

thick, fleshy modified for water sotrage

examples: crassula, portulaca, aloe

slender, twining modified leaf or stem for support

example: grape, cucumber

cactus, locust, holly

geranium, tomato, begonia

changes in length of daylight and temp

leaves stop photosynthesis

chlorophyll breaks down, green disappears, and yellow and orange colors become visible and give the leaves part of their fall splendor.

Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of the relationships between them.

taxonomy + phylogeny

The science of the classification of organisms.

biological diversity

The second part of a species name; for example, mays of Zea mays (maize).

In a hierarchical classification system, the level at which a particular group is ranked.

General term for any one of the taxonomic categories, such as species, class, order, or phylum.

evolutionary history

Evolutionary relationships among organisms; the developmental history of a group of organisms.

A monophyletic group, made up of an ancestor and all of its descendants.

Applied to structures similar in function but different in evolutionary origin, such as the phyllodes of an Australian Acacia and the leaves of an oak.

The independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms living in similar environments.

A system of arranging organisms following an analysis of their primitive and advanced features so that their phylogenetic relationships are accurately reflected.

Character states (two or more forms of a character) that arose in the common ancestor of a group and are present in all of its members.

In a cladogram, a species or group of species that does not exhibit one or more shared derived characters found in the group under study, the ingroup.

A line diagram that branches repeatedly and suggests phylogenetic relationships among organisms.

branching diagram represent best estimate of phylogeny

evolution of individual species

The phylogenetic domain containing all eukaryotic organisms.

A reproductive cycle in which a haploid (n) phase, the gametophyte, produces gametes, which fuse in pairs to form a zygote, which then germinates to produce a diploid (2n) phase, the sporophyte. Spores produced by meiotic division in the sporophyte give rise to new gametophytes, completing the cycle.

In plants that have an alternation of generations, the haploid (n), gamete-producing generation, or phase.

The spore-producing, diploid (2n) phase in a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations.

Identical in form.

Describing a life history in which the haploid and diploid generations are dissimilar in form.

The derivation of progressively better-adapted forms of life from simple ancestors; Darwin proposed that natural selection is the principal mechanism by which evolution takes place.

- all living things on earth today are the descendants with modifications - of earlier species.

genetic changes in populations through many generations

A peculiarity of structure, physiology, or behavior that aids in fitting an organism to its environment.

over the course of time, species modify their phenotypes in ways that permit them to succeed In their environment.

The origin of new species in evolution.

over the course of time, # of species multiplies,

a single species can give rise to 2+ descendant species.

The differential reproduction of genotypes based on their genetic constitution.

- Living things produce more offspring than finite resources face a constant struggle for existence.

- individuals in a population vary in their phenotypes. Some of this variation inheritable

- Those best adapted to conditions are most likely to survive and reproduce themselves ("survival of the fittest").

reproductive success

those individuals who leave the largest # of matrue offspring = the fittest.

can be achieved by - survival or mortality selection, mating success or sexual selection , family size.

Family Tree

show the evolutionary relationships exist among organisms

characteristics shared by different organisms

Applied to structures similar in function but different in evolutionary origin, such as the phyllodes of an Australian Acacia and the leaves of an oak.

have common function

Free-floating, mostly microscopic, aquatic organisms.

Aquatic, free- floating, microscopic, photosynthetic organisms.

A collective term for the nonphotosynthetic organisms present in plankton.

A gelatinous substance derived from certain red algae; used as a solidifying agent in the preparation of nutrient media for the growth of microorganisms.

A small, pigmented structure in flagellated unicellular organisms that is sensitive to light. Also called a stigma.

(1) The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which they germinate;

(2) a light-sensitive, pigmented structure

A clear, fluid-filled vacuole in some groups of protists that takes up water within the cell and then contracts, expelling its contents from the cell.

The storage molecule of euglenoids.

A differentiated region of the chloroplast that is a center of starch formation in green algae and hornworts.

A brownish carotenoid found in brown algae and chrysophytes.

Organisms with one long, ornamented (tinsel) flagellum and one shorter, smooth (whiplash) flagellum; include oomycetes, chrysophytes, diatoms, brown algae, and certain other groups.

The two-part cell wall of a diatom, made up of polymerized, opaline silica (SiO2 • nH2O) and consisting of overlapping halves.

The storage product of the chrysophytes and diatoms.

A common name for any of the larger members of the order Laminariales of the brown algae.

A type of body that is not differentiated into root, stem, or leaf.

body portion of an algae

One of the principal storage products of the brown algae; a polymer of glucose.

The broad, expanded part of a leaf; the lamina.

One of the storage molecules of the brown algae; an alcohol.

In red algae, the female gametangium.

In the red algae and certain ascomycetes and Basidiomycota, a receptive protuberance of the female gametangium for the conveyance of spermatia.

In red algae, the single diploid protoplast found within a carposporangium.

In certain red algae, a diploid individual that produces tetrasporangia.

A system of microtubules that develops between the two daughter nuclei, parallel to the plane of cell division. Phycoplasts occur only in green algae of the class Chlorophyceae.

The layer of cytoplasm that forms across the cell where the nucleus becomes located and divides.

The tough substance of which the exine, or outer wall, of spores and pollen grains is composed; a cyclic alcohol highly resistant to decay.

A unicellular female sex organ that contains one or several eggs.

The thick-walled zygote characteristic of the oomycetes.

Describing a species in which the individuals are self-fertile.

Describing a species with haploid individuals that are self-sterile or self-incompatible; two compatible strains or individuals are required for sexual reproduction.

Stage in the life cycle of myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds); a multinucleate mass of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane.

A multicellular mass of individual amoeboid cells, representing the aggregate phase in the cellular slime molds.

In cellular slime molds, a flattened, irregular structure, encircled by a thin membrane, in which zygotes are formed.

goes seed to seed in 1 year

example: zinnia

goes seed to seed in 2 years

examples: swiss chard, carrots, beets, sweet William, parsley

goes seed to seed in more than 2 years

examples: herbaceous perennials and woody perennials

most fungi, algae

brown algae, some fungi (mycomycata)

most plant-like algae, bryophytes, all land plants

- abundant and more consistent light for photosynthesis

- more plentiful and freely circulating CO2

- lack of competition from other organisms

- chloroplasts with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids

- cell walls containing cellulose

- food reserves - starch stored in plastids

slime molds and water molds

protista

lack tissue differentiation and have no true roots, leaves, or stems

organelles that synthesize and store starch

consists of a Single Cell, most Aquatic Organisms,

form the PHYTOPLANKTON, produce half of the worlds CH and produce O2

consists of Groups of Cells acting in a coordinated manner. Some of these Cells Become Specialized. This allows them to move, feed, and reproduce efficiently.

Have a slender, rod-shaped Thallus, composed of rows of cells joined end to end.

- adaptation secures the algae in one place as it grows towards the sunlight at the water's surface

anchor the thallus to the ocean bottom

Have a large, complex Thallus. The Leaf-like Thallus may be several centimeters wide but only TWO Cells Thick. Some have leaflike portions, and stem-like regions.

organisms w 1 long-flagellum (tinsel) and 1 shorter flagellum (whiplash)

- unicellular to highly branched filamentous forms

- Asexual reproduction by zoospores

-Sexual reproduction = large immobile egg + small motile male gamete

causes late blight in potatoes

cases downy mildew in grapes

causes seedling damping-off diseases

gametes morphologically indistinguishable

gametes different in appearance but not eggs and sperm

large nonmotile eggs and small motile (usually) sperm

phytoplankton -fossil species identical to today's species (well-preserved due to cell walls)

cell walls made of silica and the varied shapes and beautiful ornamentation of these walls made the study of the diatoms a favored microscopically studied organism

-unicellular, multicellular

-freshwater, marine

-some used as agar (gelling agent made from cell-walls’ mucilage)

-some contributes coral reefs (secrete Ca-rich exoskeleton)

-most complicated life cycle

(1 gametophyta, 2 sporophyta)

-largest, most complex algae

-most abundant sea weeds by seashores

-most have holdfast (basal extension attach it to solid objects)

-alt. generation common

-sharing features w land plants

-unicellular, colonial (Volvox)

-unicellular, filamnetous (spirogyra)

-complex, multicellular (Chara)

-some planktonik (floats)

examples: Chlamydomonas

- very diverse

- most similar to higher plants

- unicellular, filamentous, colonial, multicellular, motile and nonmotile

- oogamy, isogamy, anisogamy

- chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids •store starch in chloroplast

Chlorella - unicells

Chlamydomonas - unicells

Spirogyra - filamentous

Volvox - colonial

Ulva - parenchymatous

Chara - parenchymatous

Fritschiella - parenchymatous

exist as a Flagellated Haploid Cell, First absorbs its Flagellum, then the Haploid Cell divides Mitotically up to 3X, and forms from 2-8 Haploid Flagellated Cells(ZOOSPORES), develop within the parent cell. These motile Cells break out of the parent cell, disperse, and eventually grow to full size.

- Begins with Haploid Cells dividing Mitotically to produce either "Plus" or "Minus" Gametes. + n - gamete comes in contact and Shed their Cell Walls.

-They Fuse and form a Diploid Zygote, w Thick Protective Wall.àZYGOSPORE.

-When favorable conditions exist, the Thick Wall Opens and the Zoospore emerges. It then undergoes Meiosis, forming Numerous Haploid Cells that grow into mature organisms.

most complex green algae

- can reach > 10cm length

- Have rhizoid-like cells attach them to substrates

- Branches secrete CaCO3

-Leaflike structures whorled around a hollow stem

-lacking true roots, leaves or flowers.
-Growth attached to the pond bed without true roots.

-May densely “carpet” large areas of a lake or pond bottom and can reach the surface in shallow waters.

A sperm-producing structure that may be multicellular or unicellular.

A multicellular structure in which a single egg is produced; found in the bryophytes and some vascular plants.

A hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in which spores are produced.

(1) Branched rootlike extensions of fungi and algae that absorb water, food, and nutrients;

(2) root-hair-like structures in liverworts, mosses, and some vascular plants, occurring on free-living gametophytes.

The cell of the male gametophyte, or pollen grain, of gymnosperms, which divides mitotically to form two sperm.

The enlarged basal portion of an archegonium containing the egg.

Pertaining to a form of nutrition provided by the maternal gametophyte, such as a moss gametophyte providing nutrients to the zygote and developing sporophyte.

The part of the ovary wall to which the ovules or seeds are attached.

The hood or cap that partly or entirely covers the capsule of some species of mosses; formed from the expanded archegonial wall.

In bryophytes, the stalk that supports the capsule, if present; part of the sporophyte.

(1) In angiosperms, a dehiscent, dry fruit that develops from two or more carpels;

(2) a slimy layer around the cells of certain bacteria;

(3) the sporangium of bryophytes.

The bryophytes and vascular plants, both of which produce embryos; a synonym for plants.

The tough substance of which the exine, or outer wall, of spores and pollen grains is composed; a cyclic alcohol highly resistant to decay.

The first stage in development of the gametophyte of mosses and certain liverworts; protonemata may be filamentous or platelike.

In bryophytes, a fertile stalk that bears gametangia.

In some liverworts, a stalk that bears antheridia.

(1) An elongated, spindle-shaped, sterile cell in the sporangium of a liverwort sporophyte that aids in spore dispersal;

(2) clubbed, hygroscopic band attached to the spore of horsetails.

(1) The floral whorl that comprises the stamens;

(2) in leafy liverworts, a packetlike swelling containing the antheridia.

(1) The petals and sepals taken together;

(2) in leafy liverworts, a tubular sheath surrounding an archegonium and, later, the developing sporophyte.

The central strand of water-conducting cells found in the axes of some moss gametophytes and sporophytes.

In mosses, the lid of the sporangium.

Water-conducting cells of the moss hadrom; they resemble the tracheary elements of vascular plants, except for their lack of specialized wall thickenings.

Food-conducting cells associated with the hydroids of some moss gametophytes and sporophytes; they resemble the sieve elements of some seedless vascular plants.

Food-conducting tissue consisting of leptoids; surrounds the hadrom in the axes of some moss gametophytes and sporophytes.

An organism with branched axes and multiple sporangia, but with water-conducting cells similar to the hydroids of modern mosses rather than to the tracheary elements of vascular plants; an intermediate stage in the evolution of vascular plants, or tracheophytes.

A vascular plant.

In mosses, a fringe of teeth around the opening of the sporangium.

An organism that grows upon, but is not parasitic on, another organism.

- no true roots, stems, leaves or flowers

- filamentous, some mosses

- blocks/sheets of parenchyma (liverworts and hornworts)

gemma cells break off and produce new plants

A small mass of vegetative tissue; an outgrowth of the thallus, for example, in liverworts or certain fungi; it can develop into an entire new plant.

cup-shape structures produced by thallus

- visible and vegetative generation of the bryophytes

- Because sperms must swim through water to fertilize egg, bulk H2O is necessary

- Grows out of and attached to the venter of the archegonium

- Gets all nutrients from gametophyte plant

- no stomata but pores (analogous top stomata)

- bryophyta cells interconnected by plasmodesmata

gametophyte: resembles liverworts

sporophytes: horn-like projections that rise from the gametophyte

- continues to grow throughout its life (basal meristem)

- as sporophyte grows longer, it splits into 2-halves lengthwise, release the spores

gametophyte: forms the green leafy structure

- it produces a sperm and an egg (the gametes) which unite, when conditions are right, to grow into the next generation: the sporophyte

- sporophyte is typically a capsule growing on the end of a stalk (seta)

- as the sporophyte dries out, capsule release spores which will grow into a new generation of gametophytes

- adapted for land habitation

- vary in size

a) photosynthetic pigments

- chlorophyll a and b

cuticle - covers the aerial parts to prevent dehydration

stomata - found in the epidermis of the aerial parts for gas exchange

- general name for a sex organ

contains a sterile layer of cells - surrounds gametes and protects

female gametangium

produces a single egg

male gametangium

produces many sperm

- Egg is fertilized within the archegonium

- zygote - develops into a multicellular embryo in archegonium

- embryo - develops and differentiates further into a mature plant