Plant Morph Test 2
shoot
The aboveground portions, such as the stem and leaves, of a vascular plant.
phytomeres
A succession of repeated developmental units, consisting of a node with its attached leaf (or leaves), the internode below the leaf (or leaves), and the bud (or buds) at the base of the internode.
apical meristem
The meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant.
tunica-corpus
The organization of the shoot apex of most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms, consisting of one or more peripheral layers of cells (the tunica layers) and an interior (the corpus).
The tunica layers undergo surface growth (by anticlinal divisions), and the corpus undergoes volume growth (by divisions in all planes).
pith
The ground tissue occupying the center of the stem or root within the vascular cylinder; usually consists of parenchyma.
interfasicular region
or pith ray
Tissue region between vascular bundles in a stem.
herbaceous
Referring to nonwoody plants.
leaf trace
That part of a vascular bundle extending from the base of the leaf to its connection with a vascular bundle in the stem.
a vascular bundle that diverges from the axial bundles in the stem and enters a leaf.
leaf trace gap
In seed plants, region of parenchyma tissue in the primary vascular cylinder of a stem above the point of departure of the leaf trace or traces.
break in the vascular tissue of a stem above the point of attachment of a leaf trace
stem bundle
Vascular bundle belonging to the stem.
sympodium
A stem bundle and its associated leaf traces.
phyllotaxis
The arrangement of leaves on a stem. Also called phyllotaxy.
blade
The broad, expanded part of a leaf; the lamina.
petiole
The stalk of a leaf.
stipule
An appendage, often leaflike, on either side of the basal part of a leaf, or encircling the stem, in many kinds of flowering plants.
sessile
Attached directly by the base; referring to a leaf lacking a petiole or to a flower or fruit lacking a pedicel.
sheath
(1) The base of a leaf that wraps around the stem, as in grasses;
(2) a tissue layer surrounding another tissue, such as a bundle sheath.
rachis
The main axis of a spike; in ferns, the axis of a leaf (frond), from which the pinnae arise; in compound leaves, the extension of the petiole corresponding to the midrib of an entire leaf.
mesophyte
A plant that requires an environment that is neither too wet nor too dry.
hydrophyte
A plant that depends on an abundant supply of moisture or that grows wholly or partly submerged in water.
xerophyte
A plant that has adapted to arid habitats.
mesophyll
The ground tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, located between the layers of epidermis; mesophyll cells generally contain chloroplasts.
palisade parenchyma
A leaf tissue composed of columnar chloroplast-bearing parenchyma cells with their long axes at right angles to the leaf surface.
spongy parenchyma
A leaf tissue composed of loosely arranged, chloroplast- bearing cells.
vein
A vascular bundle forming part of the framework of the conducting and supporting tissue of a leaf or other expanded organ.
netted venation
The arrangement of veins in the leaf blade that resembles a net; characteristic of the leaves of all angiosperms except for monocots. Also called reticulate venation.
parallel venation
The pattern of venation in which the principal veins of the leaf are parallel or nearly so; characteristic of monocots.
minor veins
The small leaf vascular bundles, located in the mesophyll and enclosed by a bundle sheath; involved in distribution of the transpiration stream and uptake of the products of photosynthesis.
major veins
The larger leaf vascular bundles, which are associated with ribs; they are largely involved in the transport of substances into and out of the leaf.
bundle sheath
Layer or layers of cells surrounding a vascular bundle; may consist of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells, or both.
bulliform cells
Large epidermal cells present in longitudinal rows in grass leaves; believed to be involved in the mechanism of rolling and unrolling or folding and unfolding of the leaves. Also called motor cells.
founder cells
The group of cells from which leaf primordia and root primordia are initiated.
abscission
The dropping off of leaves, flowers, fruits, or other plant parts, usually following the formation of an abscission zone.
abscission zone
The area at the base of a leaf, flower, fruit, or other plant part containing tissues that play a role in the separation of the plant part from the plant body.
leaf scar
A scar left on a twig when a leaf falls.
transition region
The region in the primary plant body showing transitional characteristics between structures of root and shoot.
homeotic mutation
A mutation that changes organ identity so that the wrong structures appear in the wrong place or at the wrong time.
homeotic genes
Genes affecting floral organ identity.
tendrils
A modified leaf or part of a leaf or a modified stem forming a slender, coiling structure that aids in support of the plant’s stems;
found only in some angiosperms.
cladophyll
A branch resembling a foliage leaf.
tuber
An enlarged, short, fleshy underground stem, such as that of the potato.
stolon
A stem that grows horizontally along the ground surface and may form roots, such as the runners of a strawberry plant.
Also called a runner.
rhizome
A more or less horizontal underground stem.
bulb
A short underground stem covered by enlarged and fleshy leaf bases containing stored food.
corm
A thickened underground stem, upright in position, in which food is accumulated, usually in the form of starch.
Basic Function of Shoot System
structural support, growth through increase in diameter (girth) and elongation, transport of fluids between the roots and the leaves.
stems
the part of the plant from which shoots and buds arise
Examples of Stems

1. Dogwood, 2. oak, 3. sycamore, 4. sweetgum, 5. honeylocust
Climbing stem

adaptation to reach sun without strong stem built
Cellular arrangements and tissue organization

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, companion cell, sieve tube, vascular cambium, cells of ground tissue, epidermal cell.
Anti-clinal cell division

vertical to surface
Example: tunica
Peri-clinal cell division

parallel to surface
example: corpus (both anti and peri)
Tunia - Layer 1

forms Epidermis
Tunica - Layer 2

generates cell layers beneath epidermis
Corpus

pith, cortex and vascular tissue
Terminal buds form...
leaves and flowers
Lateral buds form
leaves
Three types of stem anatomy in seed plants
(a) Conifers, some dicots
(b) most dicots
(c) monocots
Cross section Tilia Americana

Tilia Americana
Primary Xylem
1. Proto-xylem
initial primary xylem differentiate first
Primary Xylem
2. Meta-Xylem
Primary xylem differentiate later (after protoxylem)
Modified Stems - Rhizome
underground root-like stem (iris, ginger)
modfied stems - tuber
fleshy underground stem (potatoe, yam)
Modified Stems - bulb
underground stem with many scales (onion, garlic)
Modified Stems - Corm
underground bulb-like structure, no scales gladiolus
Modified Stems - Stolon
above ground "runners" (strawberry)
Modified Stems - Thorn
above ground stems (rose)
Modified Stems - Cladophylls
Leaf-like stems contain nodes, flowers, leaces,
Examples: rucus asparagus, smilax, and various cactus
Monocots
- 1 cotyledon
- floral part in threes
- parallel leaf veins
-pollen grain has one pore or furrow
- vascular bundles throughout stem's ground tissue
Dicots
- 2 cotyledon
- floral parts in 4s or 5s
- netlike leaf veins
-pollen grain has three pores or furrows
- vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Monocot Stem
Vascular Bundles: Phloem
1. sieve tube members
2. sieve plates
3. companion cells
Monocot Stem
Vascular Bundles: Xylem
1. vessels
- usually 2 per bundle
- make up the eyes of the bundle
2. air space
3. tracheids
4. parenchyma
Sun leaves
smaller, thicker, more mesophyll
Shade Leaves
larger, thinner, fewer mesophyll
Specializations for extreme environments
abscission (death), carnivory, hydrophytes (aquatic plants), xerophytes (desert plants)
Carnivory
leaf is modified to trap insects for trace nutrients
Phyllotaxy
arrangement of leaves on stem
Phyllotaxy - alternate

one leaf per node
Phyllotaxy - opposite

two leaves at same node
Phyllotaxy - whorled

3/+ leaves at the same node
Parts of the Leaf
blade, petiole, stipules (small-leaf-like)
Leaf Shape: simple
one blade
Leaf shape: compound
several blades
i. pinnate - ash walnut, hickory
ii. palmate - buckeye
specialized epidermal cells
buliform cells, trichomes glands
Epidermis
abaxial and adaxial, stomata, guard cells, cuticle, specialized epidermal cells (bullifom cells, trichomes, glands)
Mesophyll - "middle of the leaf"
Palisade Mesophyll
located on adaxial side
contain >80% of plastids
controls light intensity and damage
Spongy Mesophyll
spongy appearance because of air spaces, allowing free gas flow
primary site for photosynthesis
Vascular Bundles (veins)
xylem and phloem
often enclosed by bundle sheaths of sclerenchyma fibers
Hydrophytes
large amount of water
water lily - floats in water, large air gaps
Xerophytes
adapted to arid climates
Nerium oleander - thick cuticle, restricted stomata, and trichomes
mesophytes
not wet or dry
What opens Stomata
daytime, K+ in Guard cells, H2O in Guard cells
Modified leaves - needle
pine, fir
Modified Leaves - Bract
reduced leaf
holding a flower
example: poinsettia, dogwood
Modified Leaves - storage
leaf modified for food storage
examples: onion, tulip, lily
Modified Leaves - succulent
thick, fleshy modified for water sotrage
examples: crassula, portulaca, aloe
Modified Leaves - Tendril
slender, twining modified leaf or stem for support
example: grape, cucumber
Modified Leaves - spine
cactus, locust, holly
Modified Leaves - trichome or hair
geranium, tomato, begonia
Leaves change color in fall due to
changes in length of daylight and temp
leaves stop photosynthesis
chlorophyll breaks down, green disappears, and yellow and orange colors become visible and give the leaves part of their fall splendor.
systematics
Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of the relationships between them.
taxonomy + phylogeny
taxonomy
The science of the classification of organisms.
biological diversity
specific epithet
The second part of a species name; for example, mays of Zea mays (maize).
category
In a hierarchical classification system, the level at which a particular group is ranked.
taxon
General term for any one of the taxonomic categories, such as species, class, order, or phylum.
phylogeny
evolutionary history
Evolutionary relationships among organisms; the developmental history of a group of organisms.
clade
A monophyletic group, made up of an ancestor and all of its descendants.
analogous
Applied to structures similar in function but different in evolutionary origin, such as the phyllodes of an Australian Acacia and the leaves of an oak.
convergent evolution
The independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms living in similar environments.
cladistics
A system of arranging organisms following an analysis of their primitive and advanced features so that their phylogenetic relationships are accurately reflected.
synapomorphies
Character states (two or more forms of a character) that arose in the common ancestor of a group and are present in all of its members.
outgroup
In a cladogram, a species or group of species that does not exhibit one or more shared derived characters found in the group under study, the ingroup.
cladogram
A line diagram that branches repeatedly and suggests phylogenetic relationships among organisms.
branching diagram represent best estimate of phylogeny
evolution of individual species
Eukarya
The phylogenetic domain containing all eukaryotic organisms.
alternation of generations
A reproductive cycle in which a haploid (n) phase, the gametophyte, produces gametes, which fuse in pairs to form a zygote, which then germinates to produce a diploid (2n) phase, the sporophyte. Spores produced by meiotic division in the sporophyte give rise to new gametophytes, completing the cycle.
gametophyte
In plants that have an alternation of generations, the haploid (n), gamete-producing generation, or phase.
sporophyte
The spore-producing, diploid (2n) phase in a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations.
isomorphic
Identical in form.
heteromorphic
Describing a life history in which the haploid and diploid generations are dissimilar in form.
evolution
The derivation of progressively better-adapted forms of life from simple ancestors; Darwin proposed that natural selection is the principal mechanism by which evolution takes place.
- all living things on earth today are the descendants with modifications - of earlier species.
Organic evolution
genetic changes in populations through many generations
Adaptation
A peculiarity of structure, physiology, or behavior that aids in fitting an organism to its environment.
over the course of time, species modify their phenotypes in ways that permit them to succeed In their environment.
Speciation
The origin of new species in evolution.
over the course of time, # of species multiplies,
a single species can give rise to 2+ descendant species.
Natural selection
The differential reproduction of genotypes based on their genetic constitution.
- Living things produce more offspring than finite resources face a constant struggle for existence.
- individuals in a population vary in their phenotypes. Some of this variation inheritable
- Those best adapted to conditions are most likely to survive and reproduce themselves ("survival of the fittest").
Measure of Fitness
reproductive success
those individuals who leave the largest # of matrue offspring = the fittest.
can be achieved by - survival or mortality selection, mating success or sexual selection , family size.
Phylogenetic Tree
Family Tree
show the evolutionary relationships exist among organisms
Homologies
characteristics shared by different organisms
analogous feature
Applied to structures similar in function but different in evolutionary origin, such as the phyllodes of an Australian Acacia and the leaves of an oak.
have common function
plankton
Free-floating, mostly microscopic, aquatic organisms.
phytoplankton
Aquatic, free- floating, microscopic, photosynthetic organisms.
zooplankton
A collective term for the nonphotosynthetic organisms present in plankton.
agar
A gelatinous substance derived from certain red algae; used as a solidifying agent in the preparation of nutrient media for the growth of microorganisms.
eyespot
A small, pigmented structure in flagellated unicellular organisms that is sensitive to light. Also called a stigma.
stigma
(1) The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which they germinate;
(2) a light-sensitive, pigmented structure
contractile vacuole
A clear, fluid-filled vacuole in some groups of protists that takes up water within the cell and then contracts, expelling its contents from the cell.
paramylon
The storage molecule of euglenoids.
pyrenoid
A differentiated region of the chloroplast that is a center of starch formation in green algae and hornworts.
fucoxanthin
A brownish carotenoid found in brown algae and chrysophytes.
heterokonts (or stramenopiles)
Organisms with one long, ornamented (tinsel) flagellum and one shorter, smooth (whiplash) flagellum; include oomycetes, chrysophytes, diatoms, brown algae, and certain other groups.
frustule
The two-part cell wall of a diatom, made up of polymerized, opaline silica (SiO2 • nH2O) and consisting of overlapping halves.
chrysolaminarin
The storage product of the chrysophytes and diatoms.
kelp
A common name for any of the larger members of the order Laminariales of the brown algae.
thallus
A type of body that is not differentiated into root, stem, or leaf.
body portion of an algae
laminarin
One of the principal storage products of the brown algae; a polymer of glucose.
blade
The broad, expanded part of a leaf; the lamina.
mannitol
One of the storage molecules of the brown algae; an alcohol.
carpogonium
In red algae, the female gametangium.
trichogyne
In the red algae and certain ascomycetes and Basidiomycota, a receptive protuberance of the female gametangium for the conveyance of spermatia.
carpospores
In red algae, the single diploid protoplast found within a carposporangium.
tetrasporophyte
In certain red algae, a diploid individual that produces tetrasporangia.
phycoplast
A system of microtubules that develops between the two daughter nuclei, parallel to the plane of cell division. Phycoplasts occur only in green algae of the class Chlorophyceae.
phragmoplast
The layer of cytoplasm that forms across the cell where the nucleus becomes located and divides.
sporopollenin
The tough substance of which the exine, or outer wall, of spores and pollen grains is composed; a cyclic alcohol highly resistant to decay.
oogonium
A unicellular female sex organ that contains one or several eggs.
oospore
The thick-walled zygote characteristic of the oomycetes.
homothallic
Describing a species in which the individuals are self-fertile.
heterothallic
Describing a species with haploid individuals that are self-sterile or self-incompatible; two compatible strains or individuals are required for sexual reproduction.
plasmodium
Stage in the life cycle of myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds); a multinucleate mass of protoplasm surrounded by a membrane.
pseudoplasmodium
A multicellular mass of individual amoeboid cells, representing the aggregate phase in the cellular slime molds.
macrocyst
In cellular slime molds, a flattened, irregular structure, encircled by a thin membrane, in which zygotes are formed.
Annual Growth Cycle
goes seed to seed in 1 year
example: zinnia
Biennial Growth Cycle
goes seed to seed in 2 years
examples: swiss chard, carrots, beets, sweet William, parsley
Perennial Growth Cycle
goes seed to seed in more than 2 years
examples: herbaceous perennials and woody perennials
haploid (1n)
most fungi, algae
diploid (2n)
brown algae, some fungi (mycomycata)
Haploid-diploid (1n-2n)
most plant-like algae, bryophytes, all land plants
Why move onto the land?
- abundant and more consistent light for photosynthesis
- more plentiful and freely circulating CO2
- lack of competition from other organisms
What do Green Algae and Land plants have in common?
- chloroplasts with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids
- cell walls containing cellulose
- food reserves - starch stored in plastids
fungal protists
slime molds and water molds
algae belong to
protista
Algae differ from plants in that
lack tissue differentiation and have no true roots, leaves, or stems
pyrenoids
organelles that synthesize and store starch
unicellular algae
consists of a Single Cell, most Aquatic Organisms,
form the PHYTOPLANKTON, produce half of the worlds CH and produce O2
colonial algae
consists of Groups of Cells acting in a coordinated manner. Some of these Cells Become Specialized. This allows them to move, feed, and reproduce efficiently.
Filamentous algae
Have a slender, rod-shaped Thallus, composed of rows of cells joined end to end.
- adaptation secures the algae in one place as it grows towards the sunlight at the water's surface
Holdfast
anchor the thallus to the ocean bottom
multicellular algae
Have a large, complex Thallus. The Leaf-like Thallus may be several centimeters wide but only TWO Cells Thick. Some have leaflike portions, and stem-like regions.
Heterokonts
organisms w 1 long-flagellum (tinsel) and 1 shorter flagellum (whiplash)
oomycetes
- unicellular to highly branched filamentous forms
- Asexual reproduction by zoospores
-Sexual reproduction = large immobile egg + small motile male gamete
Phytophthora
causes late blight in potatoes
plasmopara viticola
cases downy mildew in grapes
Pythium
causes seedling damping-off diseases
Isogamy
gametes morphologically indistinguishable
anisogamy
gametes different in appearance but not eggs and sperm
oogamy
large nonmotile eggs and small motile (usually) sperm
Diatoms
phytoplankton -fossil species identical to today's species (well-preserved due to cell walls)
cell walls made of silica and the varied shapes and beautiful ornamentation of these walls made the study of the diatoms a favored microscopically studied organism
Red Algae
-unicellular, multicellular
-freshwater, marine
-some used as agar (gelling agent made from cell-walls’ mucilage)
-some contributes coral reefs (secrete Ca-rich exoskeleton)
-most complicated life cycle
(1 gametophyta, 2 sporophyta)
Brown Algae
-largest, most complex algae
-most abundant sea weeds by seashores
-most have holdfast (basal extension attach it to solid objects)
-alt. generation common
Green Algae
-sharing features w land plants
-unicellular, colonial (Volvox)
-unicellular, filamnetous (spirogyra)
-complex, multicellular (Chara)
-some planktonik (floats)
examples: Chlamydomonas
Phylum Chlorophyta: Green Algae
- very diverse
- most similar to higher plants
- unicellular, filamentous, colonial, multicellular, motile and nonmotile
- oogamy, isogamy, anisogamy
- chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids •store starch in chloroplast
Phylum Chlorophyta : Representatives
Chlorella - unicells
Chlamydomonas - unicells
Spirogyra - filamentous
Volvox - colonial
Ulva - parenchymatous
Chara - parenchymatous
Fritschiella - parenchymatous
Asexual Reproduction
exist as a Flagellated Haploid Cell, First absorbs its Flagellum, then the Haploid Cell divides Mitotically up to 3X, and forms from 2-8 Haploid Flagellated Cells(ZOOSPORES), develop within the parent cell. These motile Cells break out of the parent cell, disperse, and eventually grow to full size.
Sexual Reproduction
- Begins with Haploid Cells dividing Mitotically to produce either "Plus" or "Minus" Gametes. + n - gamete comes in contact and Shed their Cell Walls.
-They Fuse and form a Diploid Zygote, w Thick Protective Wall.àZYGOSPORE.
-When favorable conditions exist, the Thick Wall Opens and the Zoospore emerges. It then undergoes Meiosis, forming Numerous Haploid Cells that grow into mature organisms.
Charales (stoneworts)
most complex green algae
- can reach > 10cm length
- Have rhizoid-like cells attach them to substrates
- Branches secrete CaCO3
-Leaflike structures whorled around a hollow stem
-lacking true roots, leaves or flowers.
-Growth attached to
the pond bed without true roots.
-May densely “carpet” large areas of a lake or pond bottom and can reach the surface in shallow waters.
antheridium
A sperm-producing structure that may be multicellular or unicellular.
archegonium
A multicellular structure in which a single egg is produced; found in the bryophytes and some vascular plants.
sporangium
A hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in which spores are produced.
rhizoids
(1) Branched rootlike extensions of fungi and algae that absorb water, food, and nutrients;
(2) root-hair-like structures in liverworts, mosses, and some vascular plants, occurring on free-living gametophytes.
spermatogenous cell
The cell of the male gametophyte, or pollen grain, of gymnosperms, which divides mitotically to form two sperm.
venter
The enlarged basal portion of an archegonium containing the egg.
matroptrophy
Pertaining to a form of nutrition provided by the maternal gametophyte, such as a moss gametophyte providing nutrients to the zygote and developing sporophyte.
placenta
The part of the ovary wall to which the ovules or seeds are attached.
calyptra
The hood or cap that partly or entirely covers the capsule of some species of mosses; formed from the expanded archegonial wall.
seta
In bryophytes, the stalk that supports the capsule, if present; part of the sporophyte.
capsule
(1) In angiosperms, a dehiscent, dry fruit that develops from two or more carpels;
(2) a slimy layer around the cells of certain bacteria;
(3) the sporangium of bryophytes.
embryophytes
The bryophytes and vascular plants, both of which produce embryos; a synonym for plants.
sporopollenin
The tough substance of which the exine, or outer wall, of spores and pollen grains is composed; a cyclic alcohol highly resistant to decay.
protonema
The first stage in development of the gametophyte of mosses and certain liverworts; protonemata may be filamentous or platelike.
gametophore
In bryophytes, a fertile stalk that bears gametangia.
antheridiophore
In some liverworts, a stalk that bears antheridia.
elater
(1) An elongated, spindle-shaped, sterile cell in the sporangium of a liverwort sporophyte that aids in spore dispersal;
(2) clubbed, hygroscopic band attached to the spore of horsetails.
androecium
(1) The floral whorl that comprises the stamens;
(2) in leafy liverworts, a packetlike swelling containing the antheridia.
perianth
(1) The petals and sepals taken together;
(2) in leafy liverworts, a tubular sheath surrounding an archegonium and, later, the developing sporophyte.
hadrom
The central strand of water-conducting cells found in the axes of some moss gametophytes and sporophytes.
operculum
In mosses, the lid of the sporangium.
hydroids
Water-conducting cells of the moss hadrom; they resemble the tracheary elements of vascular plants, except for their lack of specialized wall thickenings.
leptoids
Food-conducting cells associated with the hydroids of some moss gametophytes and sporophytes; they resemble the sieve elements of some seedless vascular plants.
leptom
Food-conducting tissue consisting of leptoids; surrounds the hadrom in the axes of some moss gametophytes and sporophytes.
protracheophyte
An organism with branched axes and multiple sporangia, but with water-conducting cells similar to the hydroids of modern mosses rather than to the tracheary elements of vascular plants; an intermediate stage in the evolution of vascular plants, or tracheophytes.
tracheophyte
A vascular plant.
peristome
In mosses, a fringe of teeth around the opening of the sporangium.
epiphyte
An organism that grows upon, but is not parasitic on, another organism.
The Bryophytes
- no true roots, stems, leaves or flowers
Bryophytes : thallus
- filamentous, some mosses
- blocks/sheets of parenchyma (liverworts and hornworts)
Bryophytes: Asexual Reproduction
gemma cells break off and produce new plants
gemma
A small mass of vegetative tissue; an outgrowth of the thallus, for example, in liverworts or certain fungi; it can develop into an entire new plant.
cup-shape structures produced by thallus
Sexual Reproduction: Gametophyte
- visible and vegetative generation of the bryophytes
- Because sperms must swim through water to fertilize egg, bulk H2O is necessary
Sexual Reproduction: Sporophyte
- Grows out of and attached to the venter of the archegonium
- Gets all nutrients from gametophyte plant
Liverworts
- no stomata but pores (analogous top stomata)
- bryophyta cells interconnected by plasmodesmata
Hornworts
gametophyte: resembles liverworts
sporophytes: horn-like projections that rise from the gametophyte
- continues to grow throughout its life (basal meristem)
- as sporophyte grows longer, it splits into 2-halves lengthwise, release the spores
Mosses
gametophyte: forms the green leafy structure
- it produces a sperm and an egg (the gametes) which unite, when conditions are right, to grow into the next generation: the sporophyte
- sporophyte is typically a capsule growing on the end of a stalk (seta)
- as the sporophyte dries out, capsule release spores which will grow into a new generation of gametophytes
Kingdom PLANTAE
- adapted for land habitation
- vary in size
Kingdom PLANTAE Multicellualr
a) photosynthetic pigments
- chlorophyll a and b
cuticle - covers the aerial parts to prevent dehydration
stomata - found in the epidermis of the aerial parts for gas exchange
Gametangium
- general name for a sex organ
contains a sterile layer of cells - surrounds gametes and protects
Archegonium
female gametangium
produces a single egg
Antheridium
male gametangium
produces many sperm
Development of the Zygote
- Egg is fertilized within the archegonium
- zygote - develops into a multicellular embryo in archegonium
- embryo - develops and differentiates further into a mature plant