Kidney I Flashcards

Where are the 3 constriction locations in the urinary tract?

The outside of the bladder is protected by _______________

The inner layer of the bladder is lined w/ a mucosal membrane consisting of _____________,_______________, _______________ , and ______________

Which type of cells act as a barrier to ions, water, and solutes?

The bladder is flexible, but impermeable, because of _______________

What does the pudenal nerve innervate?

The ____________ nerve is not fully developed until a child reaches ~3-4 years of age

List 8 ways the kidneys maintain the body's internal environment

Approximately how much blood is filtered through the kidneys each day?

How many liters of plasma is filtered per day?

How much plasma enters the glomerular capillaries per minute?

How many liters of filtrate is reabsorbed per day?

How many liters of urine are excreted per day?

The outermost layer of the kidney where majority of reabsorption and secretion take place

Middle layer of the kidney where urine concentration and dilution occur

The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called the ___________

In between renal pyramids are spaces called ___________ through which the blood vessels pass. These structures nourish the kidneys

The tip of the renal pyramid that points toward the renal pelvis

Innermost layer of the kidney, which is a collection of channels cushioned on fat tissue

Channels through which urine passes to the pelvis

Urine passes through the renal papilla into the _____________

2-3 minor calyces merge to form _______________, through which urine passes through the renal pelvis into the ureter

Fatty cavity underneath renal pelvis through which blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics pass

Thin membrane sheath covering outer surface of kidney. Consists of tough fibers containing collagen and elastin that protect kidneys from injury and infecton

Concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney; also the point of exit for the ureter

Urine formation through kidney:

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Major structures of the nephrons:

What structure is the primary site for reabsorption?

The thin segment of the loop of Henle reabsorbs ________ only

The thick segment of the loop of Henle reabsorbs ________ only

Glomerular capillaries are mostly located where?

Macula densa has a ______ sensing mechanism

Where do thiazide diuretics work?

Peritubular capillaries are located in which type of nephron?

Vasa recta is located in which type of nephron?

Which type of nephron has short loops of henle?

Where is the glomeruli located in Cortical nephrons?

Cortical nephrons comprise what percentage of total nephrons?

Juxtamedullary nephrons comprise what percentage of total nephrons?

Where is the glomeruli located in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Which type of nephrons have long loops of henle that set up an osmotic gradient by increasing Na reabsorption, promoting water reabsorption?

What cell types are found in the Juxtamedullary complex?

Cells of the Juxtamedullary complex that respond to changes in the NaCl levels in the distal tubule of the nephron via tubuglomerular feedback (TGF)

Cells of the Juxtamedullary complex that are located in the jxn b/w afferent and efferent arterioles

Cells of the Juxtamedullary complex that are specialized cells located on either side of the afferent arteriole; secrete renin

What is the primary fxn of glomerular mesangial cells?

Function of podocytes:

Autonomic innervation to the kidneys is entirely ___________, with nerves originating from the ________________

What are the 3 major effects of sympathetic stimulation of the kidneys?

Renal nerves also include ___________ (afferent/efferent) fibers to conduct chemoreceptor and baroreceptor impulses from the kidney

Which process of the kidney occurs in the renal corpuscle and produces cell- and ptn-free filtrate?

Which process of the kidney occurs in the renal tubules and collecting ducts and selectively moves substances from filtrate into the blood (based on pressures)?

Which process of the kidney occurs in the renal tubules and collecting ducts and selectively moves substances from the blood to the filtrate, utilizing active transport?

T/F: If a substance is freely filtered, the concentration in the glomerular capsule is equal to the concentration in the urine.

If only filtration and reabsorption is occurring and 100 molecules of a substance comes to the glomerulus, approximately what volume of the substance would be found in the urine (assuming this substance can be reabsorbed)?

List molecules that can be partially absorbed

List molecules that can be completely absorbed

If only filtration and secretion is occurring and 100 molecules of a substance comes to the glomerulus, approximately what volume of the substance would be found in the urine (assuming this substance can be secreted)?

List molecules that can be partially secreted

List molecules that can be completely secreted

List molecules that can be partially reabsorbed and secreted

T/F: Glomerular filtration is an active process in which hydrostatic P forces fluids and solutes through the filtration membrane

Where is the filtration membrane located?

What 3 layers make up the filtration membrane?

_____________ of the glomerular capillary endothelium filter by size

The basement membrane of the filtration membrane is composed of:

T/F: Collagen filters by charge and proteoglycan filters by size

If albumin is 6.9 nm in diameter, but glomerular membrane pores are 7-8 nm in diameter, why doesn't albumin get through?

Defined as the volume of filtrate formed each minute by the glomeruli of the kidneys

Defined as the fraction of the renal plasma flow that is filtered

How much plasma is filtered every minute?

About ______% of plasma flowing through the kidney is filtered through the glomerular capillaries

GFR is directly proportional to:

Net filtration P =

A vascular P of ~______ mm Hg is needed for filtration to occur

A vascular P of ~______ mm Hg is needed for reabsorption and secretion to occur

What kind of pressure is created by the amount of liquid present?

Pushing force

What kind of pressure is created by the amount of dissolved solute (i.e. albumin)

Pulling force

T/F: K_f cannot be measured directly, so it must be calculated

The glomerular capillary filtration coefficient (K_f) is calculated by:

T/F: the K_f value for the glomerular capillaries is ~200x higher than the K_f for most other capillary systems i the body

T/F: Maintenance of GFR is likely due to changes in K_f

In chronic uncontrolled HTN and DM, thickening of the basement membrane occurs, which ultimately damages the capillaries. How does this affect K_f and GFR?

How can obstructions lodged in the urinary tract affect HP_cs, NFP, and GFR?

Defined as distention and dilation of the renal pelvis and calices

Defined as the volume of plasma that is completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit of time

Renal clearance equation:

T/F: If a substance is freely filtered and is not reabsorbed/secreted, then the rate at which the substance is excreted in urine = the filtration rate of the substance by the kidneys.

T/F: Inulin is freely filtered

What equation could you use to calculate GFR using inulin?

__________ is a byproduct of muscle metabolism

T/F: Creatinine is not cleared by the body via glomerular filtration and requires IV infusion to measure

How would an increase in HP_gc affect GFR?

How would an increase in HP_cs affect GFR?

How would a decrease in OP_gc affect GFR?

How would a decrease in K_f affect GFR?

How would an increase in arterial P affect HP_gc ?

How would an increase in efferent arteriolar resistance affect HP_gc ?

How would a decrease in afferent arteriolar resistance affect HP_gc ?

T/F: severe increases in efferent resistance causes decrease in renal BF.

Ang II ______________(increases/decreases) efferent arteriole resistance

T/F: A decrease in afferent arteriolar resistance will restrict renal BF and decrease HP_gc

_________ cells causes contraction of basement membrane of glomerular capillaries, leading to decreased SA and decreased GFR

RBF is determined by:

List mechanisms for intrinsic control of GFR:

List mechanisms for extrinsic control of GFR:

How does the myogenic response regulate HP and GFR if there is an increase in systemic BP?

How does the myogenic response regulate HP and GFR if there is a decrease in systemic BP?

Which type of regulation is flow-dependent and directed by cells of the macula densa?

How is the [Na] in the tubule affected if there is high GFR?

T/F: If there is high [Na] in tubule, there will be vasodilation of the afferent arteriole in order to increase the amount of water coming into the tuble

How is the [Na] in the tubule affected if there is low GFR?

If there is high [Na] in tubule, what will happen to the afferent arteriole?

Describe the overall tubularglomerular feedback mechanism when BP is high

Describe the overall tubularglomerular feedback mechanism when BP is low

Describe the inrarenal baroreceptor pathway if renal P is high in afferent arterioles

Describe the inrarenal baroreceptor pathway if renal P is low in afferent arterioles

When would neuronal control take over extrinsic control?

What are the effects of neural control?

What 3 mechanisms can stimulate renin release?

Which of the 3 mechanisms that stimulate renin release utilize prostaglandin?

How does the intrarenal baroreceptor mechanism release renin when stimulated?

How does the sympathetic nerve mechanism release renin when stimulated?

How does the macula densa mechanism release renin when stimulated?