Infectious Disease I Exam 1 Part 2 Flashcards

True or False: The approval of anti-bacterial medications has steadily decreased due to bacteria being able to become resistant to the drug.

True or False: Penicillins are excreted in the urine unchanged.

All beta-lactam antibiotics share what common feature?

The beta-lactam ring is critical for what?

What is the overall target of beta-lactam antibiotics that is associated with stopping infections?

Viruses that infect bacteria are known as what?

List things that structurally the bacterial cell wall is necessary for:

What is a latticed polymer consisting of linear chains of the altering aminosugars NAG and NAM?

The 4-5 amino acid short chains attached to NAM in peptidoglycan can be enzymatically cross-linked by what?

True or False: If transpeptidase does not cross-link the amino acid chains of NAM, then the cell wall is unsupported.

Transpeptidase hydrolyzes which portion of the 4-5 amino acid chain?

Which type of bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan (cell wall is 50-100 molecules thick)?

Gram positive bacteria's site of action will be where?

Which type of bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan?

Gram negative organisms contain a single sheet of peptidoglycan (PG). How does this affect stability?

The PG layer in gram negative bacteria is found in between what?

Where is the site of action for antibiotics used against gram negative bacterial infections?

Beta-lactam antibiotics will block what?

Once beta-lactam antibiotics block transpeptidase, water diffuses into the cell in the hypertonic environment leading to what?

Beta-lactam antibiotics bind to and inhibit transpeptidase enzymes as well as other targets all related to transpeptidase known as what?

True or False: PBPs are important for maintenance of shape and for cell division.

When PBP (transpeptidase) binds to beta-lactam antibiotics what kind of bond is formed?

True or False: PBP has a higher affinity for the drug rather than _DA-_DA.

Bacteria not being susceptible to a specific drug is known as what?

What is a gram negative bacteria that does not have pores/channels and therefore a lot of antibiotics cannot reach the site of action?

What kind of resistance occurs via mutations or homologous recombination?

A PBP sensitive gene combining with a PBP resistant gene and forming a recombinant PBP resistant gene is an example of what?

Which bacteria are resistant via the acqusition of additional high molecular weight PBPs with low affinity for beta-lactams from unknown species?

What can readily transfer from bacteria to bacteria leading to resistance?

Resistance can stem from what in addition to plasmid DNA transfer?

Why is it important for a patient to finish their entire antibiotic regimen?

Resistance can also occur as a result of inpenetration or efflux of antibiotic drugs from the bacteria. This is especially important in which species?

What in the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics leads to hydrolyzing of the antibiotic's structure and therefore making the antibiotic inactive?

True or False: The hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics leading to their inactivation is increased at higher temperatures.

What specific gene is expressed on plasmids and is the number one leading cause of resistance in beta-lactam antibiotics?

Beta-lactamases are shed continuously in which bacteria?

Beta-lactamase is secreted only into the periplasmic space between the inner and outer membranes in which bacteria?

True or False: Drugs without zones of inhibition means those drugs are resistant.

The main function of what is preventing the colonization by pathogens?

Which bacteria causes 90% of all abdominal anaerobe infections?

Which bacteria is very prevalent among cystic fibrosis patients due to the CF patients not being able to clear their lungs and developing pneumonia?

What 3 bacterium species are important for removing the conj. from oral contraceptives?

Individual patients who are compliant with their oral contraceptives have been shown to have decreases in plasma ethyl estradiol most notably with which antibiotics?

Which drugs ABSOLUTELY decrease OC effectiveness by inducing hepatic metabolism of estrogens?

Penicillin G and Penicillin V are effective against what bacteria in general?

Penicillin G and Penicillin V are effective against what gram positive bacteria specifically?

Which penicillins have a highly narrow spectrum?

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are especially effective against which specific bacteria?

Which penicillins have a broader spectrum than Pen G/Pen V and can include coverage for some gram negative bacteria?

Which penicillins have the broadest spectrum?

Anti-pseudomonal Penicillins are effective against which specific bacteria?

What is a main problem associated with Penicillin G?

True or False: Ingestion of food with ANY penicillin alters absorption.

Which penicillin is the ether derivative of penicillin G and has greater oral bioavailability?

Penicillin G/V cover most streptococcus species. List the most common species that Pen G/V covers:

S. viridians is most prevalent where in the body?

S. viridans is most commonly associated with which specific infection?

S. pyogenes is most commonly associated with which specific infection?

S. pneumoniae is most commonly associated with which particular infection?

Besides streptococcus species, what are some other bacteria that are sensitive to Penicillin G/V?

Is Listeria monocytogenes a gram positive or gram negative organism?

Listeria monocytogenes is most commonly associated with what specific infection?

Borrelia burgdorferi is most commonly associated with which specific infection?

Streptococcal pharyngitis is caused by what bacteria?

Which streptococcus sp. are associated with reduction of heme iron?

Which streptococcus sp. are associated with complete rupture of RBC?

True or False: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Group B Streptococcus (GBS) are beta-hemolytic.

What is a classical member of GAS?

S. pyogenes (strep throat) can progress to what particular infections?

S. pyogenes most commonly causes what?

S. pyogenes has a link to what?

What is a classical member of GBS?

S. agalactieae can lead to the development of what in neonates if present in the vaginal tract and left untreated?

S. agalactieae can lead to the development of what in the elderly?

True or False: Pregnant women should have a GBS antigen test performed at 25-28 weeks.

If a woman possesses GBS in the vaginal tract, the infection should be treated throughout labor and delivery with what?

Which streptococcus species is associated with soft tissue and requires alternative therapies to treat?

Which streptococcus species is associated with a "flesh-eating" infection?

Which penicillins are resistant to hydrolysis from the beta-lactamase enzyme?

List some common Semi-Synthetic Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins:

Semi-Synthetic Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins are narrow spectrum agents used for what specific infections?

Any S. aureus that is resistant to the penicillin/cephalosporin agents is known as what?

True or False: MRSA and MRSE express a high molecular weight PBP with very low affinity for beta-lactams.

What are the 2 categories that MRSA infections are divided into?

Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) typically presents as what kind of infection?

Methicillin resistance is the result of the bacteria's acquisition of what gene?

S. aureus and MRSA organisms produce three types of toxin. What are these 3?

When toxins are synthesized in S. aureus and MRSA infections, there is a host response involving the recruitment of what?

What component of methicillin's structure protects it from being degraded from beta-lactamase?

Methicillin has a narrow spectrum to which infection due to it's bulky groups allowing for binding of staphylococcus sp. PBPs only?

True or False: Nafcillin is highly resistant to beta-lactamase.

What is the spectrum associated with Nafcillin (which infections are covered)?

List some common brand names of Nafcillin:

Which drugs are isoxazolyl penicillins?

In regards to isoxazolyl penicillins, adding what groups to their structures increases their overall potency?

Which penicillins have a broader spectrum of activity and include some gram negative organisms?

List some drugs that belong to the aminopenicillin class:

True or False: Ampicillins have no resistance to beta lactamase.

True or False: An organism resistant to Pen G/V should be considered resistant to aminopenicillins.

What are some brand names of ampicillin?

What group on aminopenicillins increases their hydrophilicity and therefore can cause a penetration to gram negative pores?

Ampicillin has increased acid stability versus Pen G/V so therefore better oral absorption (30-50%). What happens to the unabsorbed drug?

True or False: Ampicillin is preferred as injection.

Ampicillin mimics how many amino acids?

What component on Amoxicillin contributes to 95-100% absorption and therefore less GI upset?

What are some brand names of Amoxicillin?

Amoxicillin has similar activity to ampicillin, but greater coverage with what bacteria?

Aminopenicillins (Ampicillin/Amoxicillin) can be used to treat which respiratory illnesses?

Aminopenicillins are effective in covering which bacteria that can cause respiratory infections?

S. pneumoniae is covered especially well by which drug?

Aminopenicillins are used in the treatment of what specific infection that can be caused by gram negative bacteria?

What are some gram negative bacteria that can cause UTIs that are treated with aminopenicillins?

What is a gram positive bacteria that can cause a UTI and be treated with aminopenicillins?

Aminopenicillins can also be used in the treatment of meningitis in combination with other classes. List some bacteria that cause meningitis that aminopenicillins are effective against:

Is Listeria monocytogenes a gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

Aminopenicillins have been shown to be effective in the treatment of Lyme disease. Which bacteria cause Lyme disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi and mayonii are both gram positive or gram negative?

Infection and inflammation of the middle ear is known as what?

What type of otitis media produces pus, fluid, and inflammation?

What type of otitis media is associated with fluid persisting in the ear, fluid escaping, and there is no sign of an active infection?

Otitis media that persistently reoccurs is known as what?

Otitis media can stem from primary upper airway infections, allergies, or common cold causing congestion and swelling of the what in the middle ear?

What are the 2 main purposes of the eustachian tubes?

What are the most common microbial organisms that cause otitis media?

True or False: In approximately 66% of cases, otitis media infections resolve on their own within 72 hours and therefore a child might not need antibiotic therapy.

Which drug should be used to treat otitis media if it has not been given to a patient in the last 30 days?

If amoxicillin has been used within the last 30 days, or was ineffective for 2-3 days, which drug is given to treat otitis media?

Clavulanate is a potent irreversible inhibitor of what?

Beta-lactamase inhibitors can be thought of as "suicide substrates". What does this mean?

What is another beta-lactamase inhibitor used with ampicillin?

What is the brand name of ampicillin/sulbactam injection?

Which bacteria is very commonly associated with hospital devices (catheters, inplantable devices, etc.)?

Acinetobacter baumannii (Acinetobacter sp.) can be effectively treated with which antibiotic?

Which penicillins are the most broad spectrum in terms of treating infections?

Antipseudomonal penicillins are unique penicillins, because the cover which particular infection?

Antipseudomonal penicillins can be subdivided into what main 2 penicillin categories (based on their structure)?

Which drug is a carboxypenicillin?

What is the brand name of Ticarcillin?

True or False: Carboxypenicillins and Ureidopenicillins are NOT sensitive to beta-lactamase.

Which drug is a ureidopenicillin?

Piperacillin has unique coverage to what specific bacteria?

Piperacillin can be used in combination with tazobactam. What is tazobactam?

What is the brand name of Piperacillin/tazobactam?

90% of abdominal anaerobic infections are caused by what?

What is by far the most common adverse event associated with penicillins?

ALL penicillins are excreted renally. What is another side effect that could be expected based on this information?

Which penicillins can cause platelet dysfunction and therefore alter clotting?

Penicillins or penicilloyls can attach to what in the body leading to an IgE mediated reaction?

True or False: It is important to clean counting trays after dispensing penicillins or cephalosporins due to the potential for sensitizing a patient to that drug.

Which drugs are derived from sewage and therefore will be very smelly when urinated out?

Which bacteria are cephalosporins inactive against?

Which cephalosporin is the exception when covering MRSA?

Which cephalosporins penetrate very well into the CSF and therefore are useful in the treatment of bacterial meningitis?

1st generation cephalosporins have good activity against which bacteria?

True or False: 1st generation cephalosporins have appropriate coverage against MRSA.

1st generation cephalosporins have modest activity against gram negative bacteria that can cause UTIs. Name some of these bacteria:

List the 1st generation cephalosporins:

What is the brand name of Cephalexin?

What is the brand name of Cefadroxil?

What is the brand name of Cefazolin?

Which first generation cephalosporin is commonly used as prophylaxis of infection (especially in a surgical setting)?

Which 1st generation cephalosporin has an amine group just like ampicillin?

Which 1st generation cephalosporin has the amine and para hydroxyl group like amoxicillin?

The 2nd generation cephalosporins have somewhat increased gram negative activity. Particularly against which gram negative bacteria?

List the 2nd generation cephalosporins:

What functional group on 2nd generation cephalosporins decreases attack by beta-lactamases?

Which 2nd generation cephalosporins possess the syn-oriented methoxyimino group?

What are the brand names for cefuroxime?

What is the brand name of Cefuroxime Axetil?

What is the brand name of Ceftoxitin?

What is the brand name of Cefotetan?

Cefuroxime Axetil (Ceftin) is the prodrug of Cefuroxime. What does this allow for?

2nd generation cephalosporin penetrate into the CSF and are active against the 3 organisms that most commonly cause bacterial meningitis. What are these 3 organisms?

Which cephalosporin is more active than any other ceph against anaerobes, especially bacteroides fragilis?

Which cephalosporin has similar anaerobic activity to cefotoxin, good B. fragilis activity?

True or False: Cefoxitin (Mefoxin) and Cefotetan (Cefotan) possess the syn-oriented methoxyimino group in order to resist beta-lactamases.

3rd generation cephalosporins have similar activity against gram + cocci to the 1st generation and increase gram negative. However, 3rd generation cephalosporins are much more active against which bacteria?

True or False: 3rd generation cephalosporins are resistant to common beta-lactamases.

Which 3rd generation cephalosporins are similar to cefuroxime in that they possesses a syn-methoxyimino group that protects it from beta-lactamases?

What is the brand name of cefotaxime?

What is the brand name of ceftriaxone?

What is the outstanding feature associated with ceftriaxone (Rocephin)?

Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is often the agent of choice in the pen-sensitive treatment of what infection?

What are the 3 main causitive organisms associated with bacterial meningitis?

The 3 main causitive organisms of bacterial meningitis (N. meningitis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae) are normally present in which area of the body?

All 3 main causitive organisms of bacterial meningitis (N. meningitis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae) are encapsulated by a what?

What part of the brain makes the CSF in which all 3 main causitive organisms of bacterial meningitis (N. meningitis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae) can invade the ventricles of the brain leading to bacterial meningitis?

True or False: Bacterial meningitis is mainly an auto-inflammatory disease.

What are often the first symptoms associated with the presentation of bacterial meningitis?

List some other symptoms associated with bacterial meningitis:

Which 3rd generation cephalosporins have the syn-directed protective groups to decrease beta-lactamase effects?

What is the brand name of Cefixime?

What is the brand name of cefidinir?

What is the brand name of cefpodoxime proxetil?

Which 3rd generation cephalosporin chelates GI iron?

Due to Cefdinir (Omnicef) chelating GI iron, what is a major side effect?

True or False: Cefdinir (Omnicef) does not require refrigeration.

Which 3rd generation cephalosporin has a complex syn-side chain that offers it protection from chromosomal and plasmid beta-lactamases?

What is the brand name of ceftazidime?

Ceftazidime (Fortaz) has excellent activity against which bacteria?

Which species of bacteria are anaerobic gram positive rods?

Which bacteria have spores that can form live bacteria if they are swallowed (the spores are resistant to acid and heat)?

C. difficile infections are associated with what?

C. difficile infections lead to inflammation of the colon known as what?

In C. difficile infections, what is the most common side effect?

C. difficile infections are highly associated with the use of which antibiotics?

True or False: The risk for C. difficile infections are increased with repeated antibiotic use and antibiotic combos.

The suppression of gastric acid production also increases the risk of C. difficile infections. List some drugs that are associated with gastric acid suppression and can increase the risk of C. difficile infections:

C. difficile infections are associated with toxins. What is the overall target of these toxins?

RhoGTPases are important for what?

Which enzyme on C. difficile toxins transfers a sugar onto RhoGTPases and inactivates the RhoGTPase and inhibits the production of actin?

In C. difficile infections, tight junctions in the GI tract are disrupted leading to increased permeability (water does not get absorbed appropriately). This leads to what main side effect in C. difficile infections?

What is the immediate approach to treating C. difficile infections?

Why should antiperistaltic and opiate agents be avoided in C. difficile infections?

What help to prevent alterations to the normal flora in the gut?

True or False: 4th generation cephalosporins can provide coverage to multiple resistant strains.

4th generation cephalosporins have excellent activity for which bacteria?

Which cephalosporin is a 4th generation?

What is the brand name of cefepime?

What hydrolyze the extended spectrum cephalosporins?

What are the viable options for treatment associated with ESBLs?

5th generation cephalosporins have coverage for which infections?

True or False: 5th generation cephalosporins are NOT active against ESBL expressing bugs.

Do 5th generation cephalosporins cover pseudomonas?

Which drug is a 5th generation cephalosporin?

What is the brand name of Ceftaroline Fosamil?

Which drug is a new generation cephalosporin that has excellent activity against P. aeruginosa?

What is the brand name of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam?

Which drug is a cephalosporin siderophore approved for MDR (multi-drug resistant) gram negative cUTI?

True or False: There is a higher all cause mortality warning associated with Cifiderocol.

Cefiderocol has unique binding feature to what?

True or False: Cefiderocol has no gram positive activity.

Which drugs are considered the broadest spectrum beta-lactams?

Imipenem is a carbapenem and is a component of which drug?

Due to cleavage in the kidney, Imipenem is dosed (1:1) with which drug to make Primaxin?

What is the brand name of Imipenem/cilastatin + Relebactam?

Imipenem/cilastatin + Relebactam (Recarbio) is only used for which infections?

Most carbapenems cover everything but what?

Which carbapenem has good coverage of acinetobacter?

What is the brand name of Meropenem?

Meropenem + vaborbactam is indicated for what?

Which carbapenem lacks good acinetobacter coverage?

What is the brand name of Doripenem?

Which carbapenem is most potent?

Which carbapenem does not provide coverage to P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, and Enterococcus?

What is the brand name of ertapenem?

Any enterobacteriaceae can harbor resistance to carbapenems. What is this known as?

CRE is caused by bacteria possessing which enzyme?

Treatment for CRE is limited to which drugs?

What is the generic name for Avycaz?

True or False: Avycaz (Ceftazidime-Avibactam) is active against CRE, including KPC.

Which beta-lactam antibiotic is a monolactam?

What is the brand name of aztreonam?

Aztreonam (Azactam) is strictly efficient in treating what type of infections?

Aztreonam (Azactam) shares a common R group with which medication?

True or False: A patient with an allergy to ceftazidime should NOT be given aztreonam.

Ampicillin shares the same R group as which cephalosporin (this cephalosporin should not be used due to a cross-sensitivity reaction if the reaction to ampicillin was severe)?

Amoxicillin shares the same R group as which cephalosporin (this cephalosporin should not be used due to a cross-sensitivity reaction if the reaction to amoxicillin was severe)?

Which drugs belong to the lipoglycopeptide class?

What are the brand names associated with vancomycin?

True or False: Vancomycin is a very lipophilic drug.

Due to vancomycin being very hydrophilic, this means what for the absorption of vancomycin?

Due to oral vancomycin having very poor absorption, it can be useful in treating which infection in particular?

Vancomycin is associated with which particular infusion reaction?

What is the side effect we are most concerned with in regards to Vancomycin?

Describe the MOA associated with Vancomycin:

How do bacteria (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus) become resistant to Vancomycin (VRSA)?

The spectrum of Vancomycin is restricted to which kind of organisms?

Vancomycin is most associated in the treatment of what?

True or False: Vancomycin can be useful in the treatment of multi-resistant strep.

Vancomycin can be used at higher concentrations in the treatment of bacterial meningitis. Why are higher concentrations needed?

Telavancin is a vancomycin derivative. What is the brand name of telavancin?

Telavancin contains what unique structure?

True or False: Vancomycin is more potent compared to Telavancin.

What are the most commonly associated side effects associated with televancin?

Telavancin can interfere with what test?

True or False: Telavancin can cause C. difficile associated diarrhea even though it is a treatment for C. difficile infections.

In addition to forming 5 hydrogen bonds with DA-DA like Vancomycin, what is an additional MOA of telavancin?

What are additional lipoglycopeptide antibiotics that share the same 2 MOAs with telavancin?

True or False: Dalbavancin (Dalvance) is most active against MSSA/MRSA and E. faecalis, but not VRE.

What is specifically unique about oritavancin (Orbactiv)?

Oritavancin (Orbactiv) precipitates in normal saline so it is administered via IV mixed with what?

Which drug uses Ca2+ to stick it’s tail through the membranes --> K+ leaks outside leading to depolarization of the membranes and lysis?

What is the brand name of daptomycin?

Daptomycin (Cubicin) has only activity against which organisms?

Uniquely daptomycin (Cubicin) has activity against enterococci species including what?

Daptomycin (Cubicin) is indicated for what?

Daptomycin (Cubicin) is inactivated to a good degree by what?

Which agent is considered an agent of last resort and is effective/covers CRE?

Colistin(Polymxin E)/Colistimethate covers mostly what kinds of organisms?

Colistin(Polymxin E)/Colistimethate is used as last resort due to the concern of what?

Colistin(Polymxin E)/Colistimethate would be most associated with which infection?

Which antibiotics are considered broad-spectrum agents and are only used in topical formulations?

Which drug inhibits the bactoprenol transporter from allowing NAG and NAM to come outside of the cell (therefore inhibiting cell wall synthesis)?

The fatty acid portion of which drug dissolves in the hydrophobic region of the membrane and disrupts the membrane integrity?