Infectious Disease I Exam 1 Part 1 Flashcards
Bacteria can be subdivided into what main 2 categories?
- Aerobic
- Anaerobic
Bacteria that grow well in oxygen-rich environments are known as what?
aerobes
Bacteria that grow well in oxygen-depleting environments are known as what?
anaerobes
The presence of bacteria without signs or symptoms of infection is known as what?
colonization
Presence of bacteria WITH signs and symptoms of infection (fever, elevated WBC, pain, etc) is known as what?
infection
Determining what bacterial pathogens are likely given the site of infection is known as what treatment?
empiric
Sending samples to the microbiology lab for culture and susceptibility testing is known as what treatment?
definitive
List the sterile sites in the body that could be sampled for collection:
- Bladder/Kidneys
- Lungs
- Blood
- Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
- Joint fluid
- Peritoneal cavity
List the sites in the body with normal microbiota that could be sampled for collection:
- Skin
- Gastrointestinal tract (mouth to colon)
- Vagina
- Wounds
Which beta-lactam antibiotics are used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Cephalosporins
- Penicillins
- Carbapenems
Which antibiotic class can be used in patients with allergies to beta-lactams to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Monobactam
Which cephalosporins are used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Ceftazidime
- Cefepime
- Ceftazidime/avibactam
- Ceftolozane/tazobactam
- Cefiderocol
What is the brand name of Ceftazidime?
Fortaz
What is the brand name of Cefepime?
Maxipime
What is the brand name of Ceftazidime/avibactam?
Avycaz
What is the brand name of Ceftolozane/tazobactam?
Zerbaxa
What is the brand name of Cefiderocol?
Fetroja
Which cephalosporin used to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa is a 3rd generation cephalosporin?
Ceftazidime (Fortaz)
Which cephalosporin used to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa is a 4th generation cephalosporin?
Cefepime (Maxipime)
Which penicillins are used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Piperacilllin/tazobactam
- Ticarcillin/clavulanate
What is the brand name of Piperacilllin/tazobactam?
Zosyn
What is the brand name of Ticarcillin/clavulanate?
Timentin
What are the carbapenems used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Imipenem/cilastatin
- Meropenem
- Meropenem/vaborbactam
- Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam
- Doripenem
What is the brand name of imipenem/cilastatin?
Primaxin
What is the brand name of Meropenem?
Merrem
What is the brand name of meropenem/vaborbactam?
Vabomere
What is the brand name of Doripenem?
Doribax
What is the brand name of imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam?
Recarbio
Which drug used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa belongs to the monobactam class?
Aztreonam
What are some brand names of Aztreonam?
- Azactam
- Cayston
Monobactams can be used in patients with allergies to betalactams except with what allergies?
ceftazidime
What are some non-beta lactams used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Fluoroquinolones
- Aminoglycosides
- Polymyxins
What are some fluoroquinolones used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Ciprofloxacin
- Levofloxacin
- Delafloxacin
What is the brand name of ciprofloxacin?
Cipro
What is the brand name of levofloxacin?
Levaquin
What is the brand name of delafloxacin?
Baxdela
What are some aminoglycosides used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Amikacin
- Gentamicin
- Tobramycin
What is the brand name of amikacin?
Amikin
What is the brand name of gentamicin?
Garamycin
What are some brand names of tobramycin?
- Nebicin
- TOBI
What are some polymyxins used in the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
- Colistin (Polymyxin E)
- Polymyxin B
What are some brand names of colistin?
- Colomycin
- Coly-Mycin m
List some common antibiotic classes used in the treatment of HA-MRSA:
- Cephalosporins
- Glycopeptides
- Oxolidinones
- Glycylcycline
- Streptogramin
- Fluoroquinolones
- Lipopeptide
- Tetracycline derivatives
Which cephalosporin can be used in the treatment of HA-MRSA?
Ceftaroline
What is the brand name of Ceftaroline?
Teflaro
List some common glycopeptide antibiotics used in the treatment of HA-MRSA:
- Vancomycin
- Televancin
- Dalbavancin
- Oritavancin
What is the brand name of vancomycin?
Vancocin
What is the brand name of televancin?
Vibactiv
What is the brand name of dalbavancin?
Dalvance
What is the brand name of oritavancin?
Orbactiv
List some oxolidinones used in the treatment of HA-MRSA:
- Linezolid
- Tedizolid
What is the brand name of linezolid?
Zyvox
What is the brand name of tedizolid?
Sivextro
Which Glycylcycline is used in the treatment of HA-MRSA?
Tigecycline
What is the brand name of Tigecycline?
Tygacil
Which streptogramin is used in the treatment of MRSA?
Quinupristin/dalfopristin
Which fluoroquinolone is used in the treatment of HA-MRSA?
Delafloxacin
What is the brand name of Delafloxacin?
Baxdela
Which lipopeptide is used in the treatment of HA-MRSA?
Daptomycin
What is the brand name of Daptomycin?
Cubicin
What are some tetracycline derivatives used in the treatment of HA-MRSA?
- Omadacycline
- Eravacycline
What is the brand name of omadacycline?
Nuzyra
What is the brand name of eravacycline?
Xerava
In the treatment of CA-MRSA, agents that cover HA-MRSA can be used PLUS which other agents?
- Clindamycin
- Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
- Tetracyclines
What is the brand name of clindamycin?
Cleocin
What is the brand name of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole?
Bactrim
What are some tetracyclines used in addition of HA-MRSA treatment to treat CA-MRSA?
- Doxycycline
- Monocycline
Clindamycin (Cleocin) may be used to treat CA-MRSA pending what test result?
D-test result
What are the steps for processing a microbiology sample?
- Collect the sample (urine, blood, sputum, nasal/oral, stool, CSF)
- Send it to microbiology lab
- ID the organism (Gram stain + other tests)
- Antibiotic susceptibility testing
Does the CSF contain normal microbiota or is it sterile?
sterile
Does the upper respiratory tract contain normal microbiota or is it sterile?
normal microbiota
Does the lower respiratory tract contain normal microbiota or is it sterile?
sterile
Does the blood contain normal microbiota or is it sterile?
sterile
Does the skin contain normal microbiota or is it sterile?
normal microbiota
Does the colon contain normal microbiota or is it sterile?
normal microbiota
Does the urine contain normal microbiota or is it sterile?
sterile
List some normal microbiota found in the upper respiratory tract:
- streptococci
- staphylococci
- neisseria
- haemophilus
Is streptococci a gram positive or gram negative organism?
gram positive
Is staphylococci a gram positive or gram negative organism?
gram positive
Is neisseria a gram positive or gram negative organism?
gram negative
Is haemophilus a gram positive or gram negative organism?
gram negative
List some normal microbiota found on the skin:
- staphylococci
- streptococcus pyogenes
- P. acnes
Gram positive organisms stain what color?
purple/blue
What are the 2 general shapes of gram positive organisms?
- cocci
- rods
Cocci can be subdivided into what two groups in the lab?
- clusters
- chains/pairs
Once gram positive cocci have been identified, what test is performed?
catalase
When cocci are clustered, they are usually catalase negative or catalase positive?
positive
When cocci are in chains/pairs, they are usually catalase negative or catalase positive?
negative
When a bacteria is a cocci, in clusters, and is catalase positive, it is typically what?
staphylococci
Once staphylococci is identified, what test is performed?
coagulase
Which staphylococci organism is coagulase positive?
S. aureus
Which staphylococci organism is coagulase negative?
S. epidermidis
Once S. aureus is identified, what test is performed?
susceptibility
S. aureus that is susceptible to oxacillin/methicillin is known as what?
MSSA
S. aureus that is resistant to oxacillin/methicillin is known as what?
MRSA
When a bacteria is a cocci, in chains/pairs, and is catalase negative, it is typically what?
streptococci or enterococci
Which streptococci is fully hemolytic?
beta hemolytic
Which streptococci is partially hemolytic?
alpha hemolytic
Which streptococci has no hemolysis?
gamma
Which streptococci organisms are alpha hemolytic?
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- viridans streptococci
Which streptococci organism is beta hemolytic and belongs to Group A?
streptococcus pyogenes
Which streptococci organism is beta hemolytic and belongs to Group B?
streptococcus agalactiae
Which organisms are associated with gamma hemolysis?
- enterococci
- streptococcus bovis
What are some common infections associated with streptococcus pneumoniae?
- community acquired pneumonia
- sinutis
- otitis media
- meningitis
Which pathogen is associated with mouth flora (associated with dental cavities)?
viridans streptococci
Which pathogen is typical for strep throat as well as a lot of soft tissue infections?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Which pathogen is tested for in the vaginal canal to avoid infecting the baby in a pregnant patient?
streptococcus agalactiae
Which pathogen is found in the GI tract and can be associated with colon cancer?
streptococcus bovis
Gram positive rods can be subdivided into what main two sections?
- spore forming
- non-spore forming
Which gram positive rods are spore forming?
- bacillus
- clostridium
True or False: Clostridium botulinum is the botulism toxin.
True
Which clostridium pathogen causes severe diarrhea?
Clostridium difficile
Which gram positive rods are non-spore forming?
- coryneform bacteria
- listeria
Which pathogen can be a food-borne pathogen?
listeria
Listeria can cause what in immunosuppressed patients?
meningitis
Gram negative pathogens stain what color?
pink
True or False: Gram negative pathogens are usually rod shaped.
True
Gram negative rods can be subdivided into what two groups?
- enterobacteriaceae
- other
Enterobacteriaceae is associated with what test?
lactose fermenting test
Which pathogens are positive lactose fermenters?
- E - E. Coli
- E - Enterobacter
- C - Citrobacter
-
K - Klebsiella
- BOLD = MOST COMMON
Which pathogens are negative lactose fermenters?
- P - Proteus
- M - Morganella
- S -
Serratia
- BOLD = MOST COMMON
True or False: Gram negative rods that are NOT in the enterobacteriaceae family are ALL positive lactose fermenters.
False; negative lactose fermenters
Which gram negative rod is oxidase positive?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which gram negative rods are oxidase negative?
- acinetobacter
- stenotrophomonas
What are some gram-negative pathogens that are NOT rods?
- Gram negative diplococci
- Gram negative coccobaccili
Which pathogen is a gram negative diplococci that can be a clinically relevant pathogen for meningitis?
Neisseria
Which pathogen is a gram negative coccobaccili can cause a lot of upper respiratory illnesses (i.e. pneumonia) and meningitis?
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae is associated with which vaccine given in children?
Hib vaccine
Anaerobes can be subdivided into what to shapes?
- cocci
- baccili (rods)
Are anaerobes that are cocci gram positive or gram negative?
gram positive
Which pathogens are gram positive cocci that are anaerobes?
- peptostreptococcus
- peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus and peptococcus are typically found where in the body?
mouth
True or False: Anaerobes that are baccili (rods) can be both gram positive and gram negative.
True
Which anaerobes that are baccili are gram positive?
- actinomyces
- proprionobacterium (P. acnes)
- clostridium
Which anaerobes that are baccili are gram negative?
- bacteroides
- fusobacterium
Which pathogen is a gram negative anaerobe found in the GI tract?
bacteroides
What are the most common gram negative rods (GNR) that are in the enterobacteriaceae family that are found in the colon?
- E. Coli
- Klebsiella
Which pathogen is gram positive and found in the colon?
enterococci
Enterococci is associated with what kind of hemolysis?
gamma hemolysis = (NO hemolysis)
Which pathogens are anaerobes that are commonly found in the colon?
- B. fragilis
- C. difficile