metazoa
all multicellular animals
What are the modern descendants of metazoa?
protozoa, plants, animals, and fungi
What grade of organization does parazoa have?
-cellular
-no tissue grade
-cells are specialized for specific tasks
What are the different forms of sponges?
red boring sponge, encrusting sponge,finger sponge, variable sponge, and tube sponge
What does phylum porifera consume?
detritus, plankton, and bacteria
What type of digestion does Phylum Porifera perform?
intracellular
What are contractile vacuoles?
Adjust the pressure so too much water doesn't pump into the sponge
Do porifera have a nervous system?
no
Do porifera have respiratory or excretory system diffusion?
no
What are porifera known for?
excellent filtering abilities
Can sponges move?
yes- some crawl, most don't
What are defense mechanisms of porifera?
spicules, production of toxic chemicals, bright colors
What is the pharmaceutical potential of porifera?
anti-viral drugs, alternative antibiotics
What type of symmetry do sponges have?
assymetrical, some radial
What does the body look like inside?
system of canals
What cells are in the matrix?
-mesohyl, spicules (rigid skeleton), fibers (flexible)
Ostia
incurrrent canal (normally lots of them)
Osculum
opening of the spongocoel to the surface
Spongocoel
main internal cavity
Choanocytes
feeding (flagellated)
What do pinacocytes form?
pinacoderm (epithelial like)
What shape are pinacocyets?
flat (epithelial like)
myoctyes
pinacocytes that help regulate the flow of water
Can pinacocytes contract?
Somewhat
What is this?
Pinacoderm
choanocytes
flagellated to create current
collar
consists of adjacent microvilli
What do choanocytes do?
Traps particles and moves them toward cell body to be engulfed by phagocytosis
What is this?
choanocyte
What do choanocytes pass food to for digestion?
archaeocytes
What do archaeocytes do?
move about the mesohyl, phagocytize particles, and can differentiate into any other type of cell
sclerocytes
secrete spicules
spongocytes
secrete spongin
collencytes
secrete fibrillar collagen
lophocytes
secrete collagen
What are the 3 forms of sponges?
asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
How many forms of sponges are there?
3
What is an asconoid?
Choanocytes line the spongocoel
What is this?
Asconoid
What is this?
syconoid
What is a leuconoid?
most common canal system, most efficient canal system, seen in large sponges, has evolved many times
What is this?
Leuconoid
How many classes of sponges are there?
4
What are the 4 classes of sponges?
Homoscleromorpha, calceria, demospongiae, hexactinellida
Class calcarea
-spicules made of CaCO3
-small, live in shallow water
-can be asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid
Class Hexacrinelllida
-live in the deep sea
-very strong design
What type of canal system can a hexactinellida be?
leuconoid or syconoid
What do the spicules of Hexactinellida look like?
-6 rayed
-made of silica (glass)
What is the Trabecular reticulum?
Single syncytial layer covers spicule skeleton with flagellated chambers within
Where can a Trabecular reticulum be found?
Hexactinellida
How many layers can be formed by the Trabecular reticulum?
2- primary and secondary
What is in between the primary and secondary layers of the Trabecular reticulum?
Mesohyl
What type of spicules do demospongiae have?
silicous (glass), but NOT 6 rayed
What is the most common class of sponge?
demospongiae (over 80%)
What supports a demospingiae?
Spicules and Spongin
Where do sperm normally arise from?
choanocytes
What cells do gametes develop from?
choanocytes (most) and archaeocytes (some)
How does sperm travel?
one sponge releases sperm which enters the pores of another sponge
monoceious
male and female sex cells in one individual
What cells do eggs come from?
choanocytes or archaecytes
parenchymula
free-swimming larva of sponges
How can sponges reproduce?
sexually or asexually
How can sponges reproduce sexually?
release sperm and oocytes into the water, keep until it develops into a larva
How do sponges reproduce asexually?
bud formation or fragmentation (internal and external)
External buds
-small individuals that break off after attaining a certain size
gemmules
internal buds
Internal buds/gemmules
-Formed by archaeocytes that collect in mesohyl
-Coated with tough spongin and spicules
-Survive harsh environmental conditions
What is this?
gemmule
When did sponges appear?
before the Cambrian period
When did glass sponges expand?
the Devonian period
Look at new species and evolution concepts!!!
...
How many germ layers do porifera have?
0
sessile
doesn't move
Are sponges solitary or colonial
either
What are the chief characteristics of sponges?
pores and canal systems
What is he internal skeleton of sponges composed of?
spicules and spongin
Approximately how many demospongiae species are there?
12,900
Approximately how many calcarea species are there?
900
Approximately how many hexactinellida species are there?
1200
What classes of porifera have silicous spicules?
demospongiae and hexactinellida
What classes of porifera have calcium carbonate spicules?
calcarea
Do sponges tend to be marine or freshwater?
marine
What canal system is composed of tiny, interconnected, dead-end canals whose flagellated cells draw in water from the outside through minute pores and transfer it to a large central cavity?
syconoids
What literally translates to "little mouth"?
osculum
What canal system has radial canals?
syconoids
radial canal
canal that is closed to the outside and opens to the spongocoel
How is water drawn into radial canals?
prospyles
prospyle
minute opening between the incurrent canal and radial canal
incurrent canal
spaces surrounding the radial canals
What path does water follow in syconoids?
incurrent canal- prospyles- radial canal-- spongocoel-- osculum
apopyles
opening of a radial canal to the spongocoel
dermal ostium
where the incurrent canal opens to the open water
What are the large dots/circles located in the radial canals in the slides?
amphiblastula larvae
Do zygotes tend to be released into the water or retained by the parent sponge?
retained
Why are zygotes typically retained?
to protect them from predators- better chance of survival- lets them grow into free swimming and flagellated larvae
How do free swimming larvae leave the parent sponge?
through the osculum
What is the advantage of sessile parents producing free swimming larvae?
prevents too many sponges growing in the same area
How long do sponges grow for?
Almost indefinitey
What are gemmules made of?
clusters of amebocytes
What type of sponges tend to reproduce via gemmules?
freshwater sponges
What is the only classification of marine sponge that can reproduce via gemmule?
demospongiae (NOT ALL OF THEM)
micropyle
opening at the top of a gemmule
What do young sponges leave a gemmule through?
micropyle
Are gemmules a means of sexual or asexual reproduction?
asexual
What does a meshyl contain?
amebocytes and spicules
What is the body wall of an asconoid covered with
pinacocytes
porcyte
hollow, tuble-like cell through which water enters the spongocoel
ostium
incurrent canal of an asconoid that water AND food passes through
pinacocytes
flat epithelial like cells on the surface of a sponge
What does the mesohyl contain?
amebocytes and spicules
What is the simplest canal system?
asconoid
What is the flow of water through an asconoid?
incurrent canal/porocyte/ostium --spongocoel--ostium
amebocytes
-ameboid cells that can differentiate into almost any other type of cell
-contain enzymes important for digestion and food trnasport
-like stem cells in other animals
What are the possible functions of an amebocyte?
form spicules, sex cells, secrete spongin, serve as contractile cells, or aid in digestion
Can a sponge have more than one osculum?
yes- especially in leuconoids
What is the flow of water in a leuconoid?
ostium--incurrent canal--flagellated chamber--excurrent canal--osculum
What is spongin made of?
insoluble scleroprotein
prosopyle
opening from the incurrent canal into the flagellated chamber
apopyle- leuconoiod
internal pore through which water is forced by the beating of choanocytes
ameboid cell
invoolved in secretion
Definition of the class Calcarea
sponges with spicules of calcium carbonate; needle shaped, three or four rayed; can be asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid; ALL MARINE
Definition of class Hexactinellida
sponges with three dimensional, six rayed silicous spicules; spicules often united to form a network; body tends to be cylindrical or funnel shaped; leuconoid or syconoid; ALL MARINE (deep water)
What are some examples of Hexactinellida?
Euplectella (Venus flowerbasket) and Hyalonema
Definition of Class Demospongiae
non six rayed spicules made of silicon, spongin, or both; leuconoids; two families- one freshwater, one marine
Example of a freshwater sponge
Spongilla
What are some examples of a marine Demospongiae?
Spongia and Cliona
What is most commonly known as a commercial bath sponge?
Spongia