What does mycorrhizal fungi do?
helps roots absorb nutrients from soil
ex-mutualistic symbiosis
ecto-outside roots
endo-inside roots
What are parasites?
lives in/on the body of another organism called a host
What is biotechnology?
production of foods, drugs,& vaccines using living organisms
ex- cheese, beer, wine
What is bioremediation?
using biological agents to solve environmental problems
What is genetic engineering?
manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products
What is ubiquitous?
small/everywhere
What does saprophytes/saprobes do?
decompose/recycle
What are parasites?
live on/in the body of another organism(host) & it damages the host
What are microorganisms?
live a free existence, harmless & beneficial
What is commensalism?
unequal relationship in which 1 species benefits w/o harming the other
What is Rhizobium?
can be added to plants
nitrogen fixing bacteria
What are the 6 microorganisms?
bacteria
viruses
fungi
protozoa
helminths(worms)
algae
What is mycelium?
huge bundle of mold
fungi that decomposes
a bunch of hyphae
What is ground itch caused from?
round/hook worms
ex-cutaneous larva migrans, creeping eruption, plumbers itch
What is travelers diareah called?
Giardia lamblia
What is trypanosome?
protozoan
African sleeping sickness caused from the tsetse fly(vector)
Impetigo can be caused by what bacteria?
Staphylococcus aureus/ streptococcus pyogenes
honey colored crust
What percentage of viruses can be linked to cancer?
15%
Who was the founder or nursing and introduced antiseptic technique?
Florence Nightingale
Name the 5 classifications of living things.
plantae
fungi
animalia
Protista
monera(procaryota)
What is phylogeny?
natural relatedness between groups of organisms
What is evolution?
new species originate from preexisting species
closely related organism have similar features b/c they evolved from common ancestral forms
What is nomenclature?
assigning names to different taxonomic ranks
What is identification?
determination of the taxonomic identity of an organism
What is a taxon?
group of organisms to be worthy of a name
What is rank?
category/level in a hierarchical classification
Who was Alexander Fleming?
father of antibiotics, discovered penicillin in 1929
Who was the first to observe living microbes?
Antonie Leeuwenhock
Who was Robert Hooke?
developed compound microscope, 1st to use term cell
Who discovered viruses?
Dmitri Ivanovski
What did Hans Christian Gram do?
introduced gram stain recognition of 2 major groups of bacteria
gram+/gram-
Who used cox pox to vaccinate for small pox?
Edward Jenner
What did Joseph Lister do?
introduces aseptic techniques to reduce microbes & prevent infections, 1st to develop surgical techniques
Who encouraged hospital staff to wash hands?
Ignaz Semmelweis
What is classification?
delimiting, ordering, ranking of taxa
What are viruses?
acellular parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid & protein- not cells
What do dinoflagellates cause and why?
red tide b/c they release toxins & kill fish
What are pinworms?
nematode/roundworm
What are pathogens?
microbes that do harm
nearly 2000 cause diseases
What is the theory if biogenesis?
living things only arise from other living things
What is a theory?
supported by a bunch of data
What is a hypothesis?
tentative explanation supported or refuted by observation & experiment, supported by a bunch of data
What is sterility?
elimination of all life forms including endospores & viruses
What is taxonomy?
organizing, classifying & naming living things
What are the 3 top nosocomial infections in hospitals?
e-coli
staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus
What is the fungi that causes thrush?
candida albicans
What are the 5 microbiological endeavors?
immunity- vaccines
public health- epidemiology-study of diseases
biotechnology- food, yogurt, cheese
genetic engineering- BT corn- grapple
bioremediation- ex- oil spill
What is an example of bioremediation?
bacteria eating away at petroleum after an oil spill
What are sporocarps?
visible part of fairy rings, microscopic spore containing reproductive structures
Are microbes consumers?
yes, they eat to get energy
What is the binomial system of nomenclature?
system of naming
scientific name=genus+species
genus-capitalized underlined
species-lowercase underlined
typed-italicized
What are symbiotic organisms?
live in close relationships- 2 or more
What is mutualism?
both benefit
What is commensalism?
one benefit
What is parasitism?
one benefits one is harmed
What did John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn do?
demonstrated the presence of heat resistant microbes
Cohn- determined these forms to be heat resistant bacterial endospores(highly resistance hard to kill)
Who discovered that infections came with physicians from autopsy room to maternity ward?
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Who discovered that mothers of home births had fewer infections than of hospitals.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
What are eukaryotes?
complex cells, have nucleus and membrane
unicellular & multicellular, nucleus & membrane bound organelles
What is the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease know as?
Mad cow-1996
What are pseudomonads?
soil bacteria, used to decompose petroleum products/pesticides
What did Louis Pasteur do?
discovered that microbes caused fermentation & spoilage
disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms
developed pasteurization
demonstrated germ theory of disease
What is a differential stain?
2 dyes-primary & counterstain
What is isolation?
separating 1 species from another
macroscopic product of incubating the inoculum
What is subculturing?
1 way to make pure/ideal culture
What is incubation?
growing the specimen under the right conditions
body temp 37c
always in the same condition they came from
What is inoculation?
producing a culture
What are the 5(6) I's?
inoculation
incubation
isolation
inspection
information
identification
What is acidic?
negative charge
positive stain
What is basic?
positive charge
needs negative stain
What is heat fixation?
fixes the specimen to the slide, kills the organism
What is drying and heating a film of specimen called?
fixed mount
What is resolution?
shows detail
separate 2 objects
What is a simple stain?
1 stain
positive stain
What is magnification?
enlarge objects
interaction b/w visible light waves & curvature of lens
What is an autoclave used for?
burns/sterilization
What is identification?
to species(strain)
What is inspection?
macroscopic/microscopic observations
What are the physical states of media?
liquid media- broths & milks
semisolid media-sim-sulfur,indole motility
solid media- liquetiable nonliquetable
What is aseptic technique?
sterile technique
sterile media & inoculating tools must be used
What is asepsis?
absence of contamination by unwanted organisms
What is a colony?
mound of cells of 1 species formed from a single cell
What produces endospores?
clostridium
bacillus
sporosarcina
What are the 2 basic cell types?
eukaryotic-membrane bound-nucleus
prokaryotic-no nucleus
What are the 3 basic shapes?
spherical
cubical
cylindrical
What are the characteristics of life?
reproduction/heredity
growth/development
metabolism
movement/irritability-reaction
cell support, protection, storage mechanisms, transport of nutrients, waste
What are the 3 parts of flagella?
filament-long, thin helical structure
hook- curved sheath
basal body- stack of rings anchored in cell wall
What is flagellin?
protein
What is glycocalyx?
sugary surface coating
What are the different flagellar arrangements?
monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitrichous
peritrichous
What is the cell envelope?
external covering outside the cytoplasm
What are the 2 basic layers of the cell envelope?
cell wall/membrane
What is cytoplasm?
sugars, amino acids, salts
70-80% water
solvent for materials used on all cell functions
What are mesosomes?
folds in cytoplasm
increase internal surface area
What are chromosomes?
single, circular, can be doubled stranded
What are ribosomes?
2 subunits
found in all cells
What is germination?
return to vegetative growth
What are the 5 classifications of prokaryotes?
microscopic morphology-what it looks like
macroscopic morphology
bacterial physiology
serological analysis
genetic/molecular analysis
What are the 3 main types of arrangements?
chains
clustered
no arrangement
What are pleomorphism?
varies in shape/size
found in extreme enviroments
What is the dichotomous key?
series of questions
What is phonetic classification?
emphasizes morphological data
What is phylogenetic classification?
evolutionary relationships
What is classification?
ordering/ranking of taxa
What is a furuncle?
infected hair follicle/boils
What is a carbuncle?
a bunch of furuncle
What is necrotizing fasciitis?
a flesh easting disease
What is gonorrhoeae?
discharge in males
yellow growth in mouth
75% of women have no symptoms
What is borrelia burgdorferi?
limes disease caused by the black legged tick
What is the most common STD and is causes an eye infection?
chlamydia trachomatis
What is chlamydias?
tiny obligate intracellular parasites not transmitted by arthropods
What it chlamydia pneumoniae?
lung infection
Archaea
live in most extreme habitats
heat, salt, acid pH, pressure atmosphere
methane producers, hyperthermophiles(high temps)
extreme halophiles(high heat)
sulfur reducers
Appendages
outside cell wall
move or attach to stuff
Flagella
2 domains- bacteria & archae
rotates 360
prokaryotic-bacteria
Pili
made of pilin protein
only in gram- cells
sex pili join bacterial cells for conjugal visits
Gram+ bacteria
thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and cell membrane
Gram- bacteria
thin peptidoglycan layer & cell membrane
Yesinia pestis
bubonic plague- flea bite-fever, headache, tired
pneumonia plague- air borne-shortness of breath, death-not common
Domain archaea
adapted to extreme habitats
Domain bacteria
phylum proteobacteria-gram-
phylum firmicutes-gram+ low g&c
phylum actinobacteria-gram+ high g&c
Staphylococcus aureus
spherical clustered
food poisoning
ex- impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles(boils), carbuncles, TSS
Inclusions/Granules
storage bodies
vary in size, number, content