Much of the investment funds that enabled America to industrialize in
the late nineteenth century came
from
a
.
surplus
wealth generated by agriculture.
b
.
the state
governments.
c
.
private foreign
investors.
d
.
individual Americans'
savings.
e
.
the sale of confiscated Confederate land
and property.
C
The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad
construction in the late nineteenth
century by providing railroad
corporations with
a
.
cash grants from new
taxes.
b
.
land grants and
loans.
c
.
cash grants from higher
tariffs.
d
.
reduced prices for iron and
steel.
e
.
aid for construction of railroad stations.
B
Match each railroad company below with the correct
entrepreneur.
A
.
James J. Hill 1. Central
Pacific
B. Cornelius Vanderbilt 2. New York Central
C.
Leland Stanford 3. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
4. Great Northern
a
.
A-4, B-2, C-1
b
.
A-3, B-4,
C-2
c
.
A-2, B-1, C-3
d
.
A-4, B-3,
C-1
e
.
A-1, B-3, C-4
A
The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was
the
a
.
New York Central.
b
.
Northern
Pacific.
c
.
Union
Pacific.
d
.
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa
Fe.
e
.
Great Northern.
E
The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad
network was that it
a
.
spread the U.S. population
across the whole continent.
b
.
enabled people from
farms and small towns to visit the big
cities.
c
.
united the nation into a single, integrated
national market.
d
.
made it possible for some
immigrants to settle in the West.
e
.
developed a
skilled industrial workforce.
C
The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing
industrialization of the post-Civil War years
was
a
.
agriculture.
b
.
mining.
c
.
the
steel industry.
d
.
electric
power.
e
.
the railroad network.
E
The United States changed to standard time zones
when
a
.
Congress passed a law establishing this
system.
b
.
the major rail lines decreed common fixed
times so that they could keep schedules and
avoid
wrecks.
c
.
factories demanded standard time
schedules.
d
.
long-distance telephones required
standard time coordination.
e
.
All of these
B
Which of the following was not among the technological improvements
that made the modern
transcontinental railroad network
possible?
a
.
Steel rails
b
.
Air
brakes
c
.
Standard gauge tracks
d
.
The
block signal
e
.
The caboose
E
The two industries that the transcontinental railroads most
significantly expanded were
a
.
textiles and
shoemaking.
b
.
mining and
agriculture.
c
.
banking and real
estate.
d
.
shipping and
fishing.
e
.
electricity and telecommunications.
B
Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a
given area and share the profits
were
called
a
.
pools.
b
.
trusts.
c
.
rebates.
d
.
interlocking
directorates.
e
.
holding companies.
A
Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption
practiced by the wealthy
railroad
barons?
a
.
Bribing judges and state
legislatures
b Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock
.
c
.
Providing free railroad passes to journalists
and politicians
d
.
Watering railroad stocks and bonds
in order to sell them at inflated prices
e
.
Receiving
kickbacks from powerful shippers
B
In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v.
Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court
held that state legislatures
could not regulate railroads because
a
.
the U.S.
Constitution did not permit the government to regulate private
industry.
b
.
the state legislatures were acting on
behalf of a private interest, Illinois farmers.
c
.
the
Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad was incorporated in Missouri,
not Illinois.
d
.
railroad executives had committed no
illegal acts in their business.
e
.
railroads were
interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.
E
Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad
corporations first came in the form of
action
by
a
.
Congress.
b
.
the
Supreme Court.
c
.
private lawsuits charging unfair
competition.
d
.
President
Cleveland.
e
.
state legislatures.
E
The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public
interest from business combinations
was
the
a
.
Federal Trade
Commission.
b
.
Interstate Commerce
Commission.
c
.
Consumer Affairs
Commission.
d
.
Federal Anti-Trust
Commission.
e
.
Federal Communications Commission.
B
Among the countries that provided the largest amounts of foreign
capital investment in American
industry
were
a
.
Sweden, Denmark, and
Norway.
b
.
Italy, Spain, and
Greece.
c
.
Argentina, Brazil, and
Chile.
d
.
Britain, France, and the
Netherlands.
e
.
Canada and Mexico.
D
When Europeans owned or invested in private companies in the United
States, they generally
a
.
appointed European managers
to key positions in the company.
b
.
let Americans
manage the business unless there was an economic
crisis.
c
.
made American banks issue regular reports
on the profitability of their companies.
d
.
steered
most of the profits back into European
investments.
e
.
insisted that the companies hire a
portion of immigrants from the nation owning the
company.
B
The single largest source of a critical raw material that fueled
early American industrialization was the
a
.
copper
mines of Montana and Arizona.
b
.
oil wells of Oklahoma
and Texas.
c
.
lead mines of
Wisconsin.
d
.
coal mines of Kansas and
Nebraska.
e
.
Mesabi iron range of Minnesota.
E
Which of the following was not among the critical U.S. raw materials,
delivered by railroads to
factories, that fueled early American
industrialization?
a
.
Rubber
b
.
Iron
c Coal
.
d
.
Copper
e
.
Oil
A
The vast, integrated, continental U.S. market greatly enhanced the
American inclination toward
a
.
selling goods far away
from their point of manufacture.
b
.
specialized goods
produced by skilled labor.
c
.
government certification
and regulation of consumer products.
d
.
mass
manufacturing of standardized industrial
products.
e
.
importing raw materials from overseas.
D
The American system of mass manufacture of standardized,
interchangeable parts provided strong
incentives for U.S.
capitalists to
a
.
invest in training for their
workforce.
b
.
hire American workers rather than
foreign immigrants.
c
.
replace skilled labor with
machinery.
d
.
build extremely large factories in
dedicated industrial districts.
e
.
pay higher wages to
retain a steady workforce.
C
The major incentive that drove captains of industry to invent
machines was
a
.
lucrative government grants that were
offered to would-be inventors.
b
.
a chance to strike
it rich via technological innovation.
c
.
that machines
would enable them to replace expensive skilled workers with
cheap
unskilled workers.
d
.
that machines could
do the work five times faster than humans did.
e
.
None
of these
C
Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial
employment of women in the late
nineteenth century were
the
a
.
typewriter and the telephone.
b
.
electric light and the
phonograph.
c
.
Bessemer steel process and the internal
combustion engine.
d
.
streetcar and the
bicycle.
e
.
electric refrigerator and stove.
A
Which of the following was not among the technologies invented or
improved by Thomas A. Edison?
a
.
The electric light
bulb
b
.
The phonograph
c
.
The
mimeograph
d
.
The electric
dynamo
e
.
The motion picture
D
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased
their profits was
a
.
increased
competition.
b
.
supporting a centrally planned
economy.
c
.
funding research on new
technologies.
d
.
elimination of the tactic of vertical
integration.
e
.
elimination of as much competition as possible.
E
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which
he is historically identified.
A
.
Andrew Carnegie 1.
interlocking directorate
B. John D. Rockefeller 2. trust
C.
J. Pierpont Morgan 3. vertical integration
4. pool
a
.
A-2, B-4, C-1
b
.
A-3, B-2,
C-4
c
.
A-3, B-2, C-1
d
.
A-1, B-3, C-2
e
.
A-4, B-1, C-3
C
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which
he is historically identified.
A
.
Andrew Carnegie 1.
steel
B. John D. Rockefeller 2. oil
C. J. Pierpont Morgan 3.
tobacco
D
.
James Duke 4. banking
a
.
A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
b
.
A-2, B-4, C-3,
D-1
c
.
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d
.
A-1, B-2,
C-4, D-3
e
.
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
D
Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical
integration
a
.
combined all facets of an industry,
from raw material to final product, within a
single
company.
b
.
created an industrial
association through which member companies could wield
much
power.
c
.
embraced the notion of buying up
competitors and forming a monopoly
interest.
d
.
required smaller competitors to agree to
standardized rates set by larger firms.
e
.
None of these
A
John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal
integration involved
a
.
franchising Standard Oil
gasoline stations to independent
operators.
b
.
controlling all phases of the oil
industry from drilling to commercial
retailing.
c
.
creating standardized job assignments
and fixed production and sales quotas for
all
employees.
d
.
forcing small competitors to
assign stock to Standard oil or lose their
business.
e
.
developing multiple uses for oil in
transportation, lighting, and industry.
D
The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius
of
a
.
Jay Gould.
b
.
Henry
Bessemer.
c
.
John P.
Altgeld.
d
.
Thomas
Edison.
e
.
Alexander Graham Bell.
B
J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on
the boards of supposedly
independent companies that he wanted to
control. This method was known as a(n)
a
.
interlocking
directorates
b
.
trust.
c
.
vertical
integration.
d
.
pool.
e
.
holding company.
A
America's first billion-dollar corporation
was
a
.
General Electric
(GE).
b
.
Standard Oil.
c
.
American
Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).
d
.
The Union
Pacific Railroad.
e
.
United States Steel.
E
The first major product of the oil industry
was
a
.
kerosene.
b
.
gasoline.
c
.
lighter
fluid.
d
.
natural gas.
e heating oil.
A
The oil industry became a huge business
a
.
with the
building of kerosene-fueled electric
generators.
b
.
when the federal government granted a
monopoly to Standard Oil.
c
.
with the invention of the
internal combustion engine.
d
.
when diesel engines
were perfected.
e
.
when oil was discovered in Texas.
C
John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his
domination of the oil
industry
except
a
.
employing
spies.
b
.
extorting rebates from
railroads.
c
.
using federal agents to break his
competitors.
d
.
pursuing a policy of rule or
ruin.
e
.
using high-pressure sales methods.
C
The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew
Carnegie
a
.
based its theology on the teachings of
Jesus.
b
.
held that the wealthy should display moral
responsibility in the use of their
God-given
money.
c
.
stimulated efforts to help
minorities.
d
.
was opposed by most late nineteenth
century clergymen.
e
.
asserted that the more people
prayed the better off they would become.
B
Although they were commonly called "Social Darwinists"
advocates of economic, national, or racial
"survival of the
fittest" ideas actually drew less on biologist Charles Darwin
than on
a
.
British laissez-faire economists like
Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo.
b
.
German
philosophers like G.W.F. Hegel and Friedrich
Nietzsche.
c
.
American literary figures like Jack
London and Theodore Dreiser.
d
.
European scientists like Gregor Mendel and Louis
Pasteur.
e
.
racist theorists like Arthur Gobineau and
Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
A
Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest" like
Herbert Spencer and William Graham
Sumner, argued
that
a
.
only a few large corporations were fit to
survive in the industrial jungle.
b
.
society owed a
basic standard of living to even its weakest
members.
c
.
there should be eugenic biological
breeding to produce a superior human race.
d
.
fitness
to survive and thrive could be proven through physical
competition.
e
.
the wealthy deserved their riches
because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the
poor.
E
To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the
Fourteenth Amendment, which was
designed to protect the rights of
ex-slaves, so as to
a
.
help freedmen to work in
factories.
b
.
incorporate big
businesses.
c
.
allow the captains of industry to avoid
paying taxes.
d
.
avoid corporate regulation by the
states.
e
.
protect the civil rights of business people.
D
The ____ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when
defending themselves against
regulation by state governments.
a
.
Fifth
b
.
Fourteenth
c
.
Fifteenth
d
.
Sixteenth
e
.
Seventeenth
B
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibited
a
.
companies
from signing contracts without competitive bidding.
b
.
the federal government from favoring one business
corporation over another.
c
.
the same corporation from
doing business under different names.
d
.
private
corporations or organizations from engaging in "combinations in
restraint of
trade"
e
.
competing companies from having interlocking corporate
boards of directors.
D
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the
power of
a
.
manufacturing
corporations.
b
.
labor
unions.
c
.
state
legislatures.
d
.
railroad
corporations.
e
.
banking syndicates.
B
During the age of industrialization, the
South
a
.
took full advantage of the new economic
trends.
b
.
received preferential treatment from the
railroads.
c
.
turned away from
agriculture.
d
.
held to its Old South
ideology.
e
.
remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
E
The South's major attraction for potential investors
was
a
.
readily available raw
materials.
b
.
a warm climate.
c
.
good
transportation.
d
.
cheap
labor.
e
.
ethnic diversity.
D
In the late nineteenth century, tax and other benefits especially
attracted ____ manufacturing to the
new
South.
a
.
textile
b
.
steel
c
.
machine
tool
d
.
electrical appliance
e
.
farm equipment
A
The largest southern-based monopolistic corporation was the one
founded by James Duke to produce
a
.
steel.
b
.
oil.
c
.
textiles.
d
.
cigarettes.
e
.
Coca-Cola.
D
Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills
as
a
.
high-wage
positions.
b
.
unacceptable.
c
.
a poor
alternative to farming.
d
.
institutions that broke up
families.
e
.
the only steady jobs and wages available.
E
In the textiles mills of the industrializing South, all of the
following are true statements except
a
.
rural black
and white southerners landed plumb jobs in the new
mills.
b
.
entire families worked long hours in the
mills.
c
.
most workers were paid half the rate
received by northern workers for the same
tasks.
d
.
payment was typically made in credit to the
company store.
e workers were called "hillbillies" or
"lintheads" by employers.
A
One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in
the lives of workers was
a
.
their movement to the
suburbs.
b
.
the need for them to adjust their lives to
the time clock.
c
.
the opportunity to relearn the
ideals of Thomas Jefferson.
d
.
the narrowing of class
divisions.
e
.
the encounter with other races.
B
The group whose lives were most dramatically altered by the new
industrial age was
a
.
Native
Americans.
b
.
African
Americans.
c
.
women.
d
.
southerners.
e
.
small
town residents.
C
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century,
industrial workers were extremely
vulnerable to all of the
following except
a
.
economic swings and
depressions.
b
.
employers'
whims.
c
.
new educational requirements for
jobs.
d
.
sudden
unemployment.
e
.
illness and accident.
C
The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented
a(n)
a
.
revival of the early American feminine ideal
of republican motherhood.
b
.
portrayal of the modern
corporate business woman.
c
.
exploitative image of the
woman as a sex object.
d
.
romantic ideal of the independent and athletic new
woman.
e
.
sentimental image of a woman as mother.
D
Most women workers of the 1890s worked
for
a
.
independence.
b
.
glamour.
c
.
economic
necessity.
d
.
retirement
savings.
e
.
personal spending money.
C
Women were drawn into industry by
a
.
the promise of
wages on par with those of men.
b
.
inventions like the
typewriter and telephone switchboard.
c
.
economic
downturns, which hit rural families hardest.
d
.
the
lure of city life.
e
.
All of these
B
Reformers' efforts to raise public awareness about the hazards of
child labor
a
.
made progress with the help of
photography.
b
.
pertained only to native born
children.
c
.
were focused primarily on the plight of
new immigrants.
d
.
focused on blacklisting the most
abusive companies.
e
.
None of these
A
Which one of the following is least like the other
four?
a
.
Closed shop
b
.
Lockout
c
.
Yellow dog
contract
d
.
Blacklist
e
.
Company town
A
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century
interpreted the Constitution in such a way
as to
favor
a
.
labor
unions.
b
.
corporations.
c
.
state
regulatory agencies.
d
.
individual
entrepreneurs.
e
.
independent workers and craftsmen.
B
Match each labor organization below with the correct
description.
A
.
National Labor Union 1. the "one
big union" that championed producer
cooperatives and
industrial arbitration
B. Knights of Labor 2. a social-reform union killed by the depression of the
1870s
C. American Federation of
Labor
3. an association of unions pursuing higher wages,
shorter
working hours, and better working conditions
a
.
A-3, B-1, C-2
b
.
A-3, B-2,
C-1
c
.
A-1, B-2, C-3
d
.
A-1, B-3,
C-2
e
.
A-2, B-1, C-3
E
In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union
won
a
.
an eight-hour day for all
workers.
b
.
government arbitration for industrial
disputes.
c
.
equal pay for
women.
d
.
an eight-hour day for government workers.
e
.
the right to collective bargaining.
D
One group, barred from membership in the Knights of Labor,
was
a
.
African
Americans.
b
.
nonproducers.
c
.
women.
d
.
Irish.
e
.
social reformers.
B
The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor
would disappear when
a
.
the government owned the means
of production.
b
.
labor controlled the
government.
c
.
workers accepted the concept of craft
unions.
d
.
business would understand the principles of
social justice.
e
.
labor would own and operate
businesses and industries.
E
The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and
institutions could be preserved from
corrupt
monopolies
a
.
when American workers achieved a greater
degree of class consciousness.
b
.
by strengthening the
economic and political independence of the
workers.
c
.
through the destruction of the American
Federation of Labor.
d
.
by the development of strong
craft unions.
e
.
by forming an independent political movement.
B
One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was
its
a
.
racial
exclusiveness.
b
.
support of skilled workers.
c
failure to admit women to its ranks.
.
d
.
abandonment of the concept of independent
producers.
e
.
lack of class consciousness.
E
The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil
War period was the
a
.
National Labor
Union.
b
.
Knights of
Labor.
c
.
American Federation of
Labor.
d
.
Knights of
Columbus.
e
.
Congress of Industrial Organizations.
C
By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the
public came to recognize the right of
workers to bargain
collectively and strike. Nevertheless
a
.
labor unions
continued to decline in membership.
b
.
the American
Federation of Labor failed to take advantage of the
situation.
c
.
the vast majority of employers continued
to fight organized labor.
d
.
Congress declared the AFL
illegal.
e
.
workers began to turn to the Socialist party.
C
The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly
argued that these men
a
.
had no real business
ability.
b
.
built their corporate wealth and power by
exploiting workers.
c
.
tried to take the United States
back to an earlier age of aristocracy.
d
.
were
environmentally insensitive.
e
.
slowed technological advances.
B
Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism,
generally concede that class-based
protest has never been a
powerful force in the United States because
a
.
most
employers tried to treat their workers well.
b
.
few Europeans brought their political philosophies to
the United States.
c
.
the captains of industry did not
allow protest to take root.
d
.
many Americans
inherited fortunes.
e
.
America has greater social
mobility than Europe has.
E
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War
industrial expansion except
a
.
a large pool of
unskilled labor.
b
.
an abundance of natural
resources.
c
.
American ingenuity and
inventiveness.
d
.
immigration
restrictions.
e
.
a political climate favoring business.
D