A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?
Antidiuretic hormone
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
Thyroxine
The effects of this hormone oppose aldosterone.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Cushing's disease results from an excess of
Glucocorticoids
Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except
Thickness of the plasma membrane
The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.
Endrocrine
The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?
blood level of an ion like calcium
The interstitial endocrine cells of the testes produce
testosterone
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
cyclic AMP
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
Megakararyocytes
Tissue factor is a factor in the ________ pathway.
Extrinsic
A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
Cause clot dissolution to proceed faster
Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
reticulocytes
A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a(n)
Blood clot
The function of hemoglobin is to
Carry dissolved blood gases
Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
A moving blood clot is called a(n)
Embolus
Blood that has clotting proteins removed is termed
Serum
Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?
Produce antibodies in response to antigens
Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it
is a component of the hypothalamus
The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.
T4;T3
Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of the following hormones?
androgens
Which of the following is true of the endocrine system?
It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?
both an increase in insulin and an increase in glucose
The hormone related to appetite control is
Leptin
Which is not a component of the RAAS and does not contribute to blood volume and electrolyte homeostasis?
Androgens
The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by
increased levels of melatonin
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
<span>derivitives of the amino acid tyrosine</span>
Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in
hypogonadism.
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
<span>phosphorylation</span>
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
gene transcription is initiated.
The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?
blood level of an ion like calcium
A hormone might
alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it
One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is
insulin receptor down-regulation
Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus.
Leptin
A patient is receiving exogenous cortisol in the form of hydrocortisone shots for a sinus infection. Their natural adrenal secretion of cortisol will decrease due to negative feedback on the ________ reducing the secretion of ________.
anterior pituitary; ACTH
The interstitial endocrine cells of the testes produce
Testosterone
Type 2 diabetes
can usually be controlled by diet and exercise rather than with medication.
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
The function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide
When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin it is termed
carbaminohemoglobin
In an emergency situation, a patient may be given plasma expanders while blood typing occurs. The plasma expanders are used to
increase blood volume and maintain osmolarity.
Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
metalloprotein (carries metal ion)
Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations.
colony-stimulating factors
When hemoglobin does not have oxygen bound to hemoglobin it is termed
...
Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?
RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies
Which of these proteins functions to store or transport iron?
Ferritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin
The hormone that stimulates platelet formation is
Thrombopoietin
Plasma is closest in composition to
interstitial fluid
A cross-match test is performed between donor blood and recipient blood, even though the ABO and Rh blood types match between the two because
here are many more surface antigens on red blood cells other than A, B and Rh.
A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
Plasminogen
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
Monocytes
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
Liver
A small white blood cell with a large round nucleus would be a
lymphocyte (monocyte is a large cell)
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to the red bone marrow.
How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?
Coagulation would be prevented (needed in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways)
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if
a gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal
The primary reason males have a higher hematocrit than females is because
Males have androgens.
Which feature of WBCs makes them particularly important in tissue injury?
They can squeeze out through blood vessel walls into tissues.
Surgical removal of the stomach could cause
pernicious anemia.
Reticulocytes complete their development into ________ in the circulation.
erythrocytes
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
Neutrophils
If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?
The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
Calculate the cardiac output of a patient with a heart rate of 100 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 75 ml.
7500 ml/min
A patient has an end-diastolic volume of 125 ml. A heart attack has weakened her left ventricle so it can pump a stroke volume of only 40 ml. Calculate her end-systolic volume.
85 ml
Positive inotropic drugs such as glucagon and thyroid hormone cause
increased contractility.
The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day.
8,000
Which of the following describes what is directly measured by an ECG?
electrical conduction
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
systemic circuit, lungs
These structures keep the aortic valve cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta.
...
Hypertension increases ________ causing stroke volume to ________.
afterload;decrease
Stroke volume depends on all of the following factors except
end-systolic volume
At the level of the first rib, the axillary vein becomes the ________ vein.
Subclavian
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the cerebral arterial circle from the posterior is the ________ artery.
basilar
Which of the following contributes to the formation of the popliteal vein?
anterior and posterior tibial and fibular
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by
large non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma
The most common site of a stroke is the
...
The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called
autoregulation
In response to hemorrhage, there is
mobilization of the venous reserve
Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.
reduces; increases
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the cerebral arterial circle from the posterior is the ________ artery.
basilar
Which of the following is not a cardiovascular modification present during fetal development?
ligamentum arteriosum
Arteries that supply the plantar portion of the foot branch from the posterior ________ artery.
tibial
The ________ carries nutrient-rich blood into the liver.
hepatic portal vein
The smallest arterial branches are called the
precapillary arterioles
Blood from the dorsal venous arch is drained by the ________ vein(s).
small saphenous
Blood pressure is determined by
estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff
The blood vessel that carries blood to the arm and shoulder is the ________ artery.
subclavian
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased
parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
Distension of the superficial veins caused by weakened valves is termed
varicose veins
Elderly individuals are more prone than younger individuals to have all of the following, except
Increased elasticity of vessel walls
Which of the following vessels changes diameter most readily to local conditions or SNS stimulation?
arterioles
Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
venules
Near the level of vertebra L 4, the aorta branches to form the ________ arteries.
common iliac
What is the primary reason cardiovascular disease affects older women and not younger women?
Older women lack estrogen
Which of the following contributes to the formation of the popliteal vein?
anterior and posterior tibial and fibular
Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called
collaterals
An important pulse point in the neck on the lateral sides of the trachea is the
brachial
The ________ receives blood from the diaphragm.
...
All of the following conditions change peripheral resistance by affecting blood viscosity except
atherosclerosis
Which of the these blood vessels is not a visceral branch of the thoracic aorta?
3 branches are
Esophageal Arteries
Bronchial Arteries
Pericardial Arteries
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
bicupsid valve (mitral)
The bicuspid or mitral valve is located
between the left atrium and left ventricle
The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle when the semilunar valve closes is the
end-systolic volume (ESV)
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from
depolarization of the atria
The ________ is a remnant of an important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
ligamentum arteriosum
Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?
right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium
The following are structural components of the conducting system of
the heart.
1. Purkinje fibers
2. AV bundle
3. AV
node
4. SA node
5. bundle branches
The sequence
in which excitation would move through this system is
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
A slower-than-normal heart rate is called
bradycardia
The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the
interatrial septum
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the
Base
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow
In one direction only
The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation is the
foramen ovale
Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?
beta-one receptor
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
Lungs
Positive inotropic drugs such as glucagon and thyroid hormone cause
increased contractility
There are ________ pulmonary veins.
4
The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day.
8000
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated
with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood
entering from the systemic circulation?
1. right atrium
2.
left atrium
3. right ventricle
4. left ventricle
5.
venae cavae
6. aorta
7. pulmonary trunk
8. pulmonary veins
Venae cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.
end-diastolic volume
Which of the following is occurring during ventricular diastole?
The ventricles are passively filling and atria are contracting
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.
QRS complex
Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?
Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve
Cardiac output is increased by
Sympathetic stimulation
Which of the following statements is true concerning differences between the right and left ventricles?
The efficiency of the right ventricle is increased by the left ventricle because the wall of the left ventricle pushes into the right ventricle.
Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.
2
The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called
diapedesis.
________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
tolerance
Various types of macrophages are derived from
Monocytes
________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.
Kupffer cells
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer's patches
Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes
immunosuppressive drugs
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
Innate
Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following?
macrophages AND dendritic cells.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the
Alveoli
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.
oblique
The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the
epiglottis.
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.
75%
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
Pharynx
The apneustic centers of the pons
...
The auditory tubes open into the
Nasopharynx
Lymphatic capillaries are not found in
central nervous system, red bone marrow, vascular tissue, or portion of the spleen.
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T-cells
Which of the following is not a lymphocyte?
Monocytes
An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called
tonsillitis.
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.
cytoxic; helper
The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the
antigenic determinant sites
Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel?
Veins
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct.
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are
IgM
Various types of macrophages are derived from
monocytes
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except
Complement (body hair, epithelium, secretions, basement membranes)
Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes
immunosuppressive drugs
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
adaptive immunity
An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called
lymphedema
An important protein in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation is
...
Helper T cells do all of the following except
provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen.
If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free?
4
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are
necessary for the transport of dietary lipids
In passive immunity, the
...
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.
Germinal Center
A substance that provokes an immune response is called an
Antigen
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?
rectus abdominis and internal
Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle?
Intrapleural
JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?
Hoarseness
Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system?
Trachea
conchae
divide the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?
Primary muscle of inspiration
The chloride shift occurs in order to
Transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing
The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the
oropharynx
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each segmental bronchus.
6500
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?
contraction increases airway resistance
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the
Vocal folds
A condition that increases lung compliance is
emphysema
An important component of the lamina propria in the upper respiratory system is
Mucus glands
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
minute volume
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
Carbonic acid
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
Apneustic
How does the pressure "P4" at label "4" compare to the pressure "P5" at label "5"?
P4 is always lower than P5
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?
Pressure decreases to fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles.
The superior region of the pharynx is called the
Nasopharynx
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
Less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the
Respiratory defense system
G cells of the stomach secrete
gastrin
Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in
Swallowing
Motility in the small intestines is controlled in part by all of the following except
VIP
The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the
Vestibule
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
Lactose
________ are also known as canines.
Cuspids
The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of
substrate-level phosphorylation
Intermediary molecules that accept electrons and transfer them to another molecule are called
coenzymes
Lipids
...
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?
2
Lipogenesis is common for organic molecules because the intermediate ________ is formed in most nutrient metabolic processes.
acetyl-CoA
The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as
carbohydrate loading.
Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.
Essential
The condition when excessive fluid loss from sweating disrupts thermoregulatory mechanisms is known as
heat exhaustion
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes in the mitochondrial cristae
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.
20
The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the
juxtaglomerular complex
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
Distal convoluted tubule
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex
Major calyces are
the large branches of the renal pelvis
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
peritubular
Damage to the glomerular filtration membrane allowing proteins into the capsular space would result in all of the following except
a decrease in capsular hydrostatic pressure
The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called
secretion
Which of the following is a not a true statement regarding the countercurrent multiplication system?
Osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
Renal pelvis
Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the
Urethra
The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the
Falciform ligament
The oral cavity is also known as the ________ cavity.
Buccal
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the
stomach
Bile is stored in the
Gallbladder
Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct
description on the right (4-6):
1. intestinal phase4. prepares stomach for arrival of food2.
gastric phase5. stomach empties and decreases secretions3. cephalic
phase6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme
...
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the
Body
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
Large Intestine
The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the
Gingiva
Circular folds are
...
Which of the following is true regarding the production of intestinal juice?
Local reflects and parasympathetic stimulation increase the production of intestinal juice
A surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the
Jejunum
The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
There are normally a total of ________ permanent teeth.
32
The root of a tooth is covered by
Cementum
Peyer's patches are characteristic of the
small intestine
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
manufacturing blood cells
Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from
parasympathetic stimulation
Leptin is to satiety as ________ is to hunger.
insulin
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that
lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
The study of the flow of energy and its transformations is called
energetics
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is
Zinc
The citric acid cycle occurs in the
...
A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as
Gout
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.
Phosphate
The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.
All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting except
blood flow to the skin increases.
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?
2
Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.
gluconeogenesis
Major calyces are
...
Prolonged aldosterone stimulation of the distal convoluted tubule may result in
hypokalemia
Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the
urethra
The proximal convoluted tubule cells are
cuboidal cells with microvilli.
Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg.
FP=15mmHg
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except
All are correct
The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the
juxtaglomerular complex
Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium
Streptococcus.
The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
vasa recta
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis
An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the
Juxtaglomenlar complex
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis.
absence of ADH.
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the
kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels starting
at the renal artery?
1.afferent arteriole2.arcuate
artery3.interlobar artery4.segmental artery5.glomerulus6.cortical
radiate artery7.efferent arteriole8.peritubular capillary
4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
Renal corpuscle
The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is
renal failure
Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flows
From arteriole to capillary bed to arteriole
The concentration at which all of the carriers in renal tubules for a given substance are saturated is the
...
Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except
regulating body temperature
The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and
sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
Which of the following statements regarding fluid and electrolyte balance is true?
water and electrolytes occur in compartments in which the composition of fluid varies
A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of
chronic respiratory acidosis.
The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the
interstitial fluid and plasma
Amino acids in solution contain both a negative and positive charge and thus are termed a(n)
Zwitterions
Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone
parathyroid hormone
The normal pH range for ECF is
7.35-7.45
When pure water is consumed,
osmolarities of the two-fluid
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys
kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions AND kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions
The principal cation in intracellular fluid is
potassium
The vulva includes all of the following except the
Vagina
The space bounded by the labia minora is the
Vestibule
Which of the following statements concerning the vagina is false?
It loses a portion of its lining during menses.
The portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is called the
Cervix
The delicate layer of serous membrane that covers the testis is called the
tunica vaginalis
The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the
aerola
The spermatic cord is
a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of the reproductive cancers because it
is usually not diagnosed early
The hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis in males is
FSH
During gastrulation,
two layered embryo (epiblast and hypoblast) is converted into 3 primary embryonic germ layers
The ________ is formed by the allantois, blood vessels, and yolk sac.
Umbilical cord
The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.
Expulsion
If fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________.
corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotrophin
If an individual carries two different alleles for the same trait, the individual is ________ for the trait.
heterozygous
Which of the following places the stages of labor in the correct order?
Dilation, Expulsion,
In ________, implantation occurs somewhere other than in the uterus.
ectopic pregnancy
After fertilization, the first cell division is completed
more than a day later 32 hours
The clear liquid secreted by the mammary glands before milk production begins is called
Colostrum
The placenta is a source of all of the following hormones, except
hCG
relaxin
placental lactogen
progesterone
The uterine epithelium is broken down by which structure of the blastocyst?
syncytiotrophoblast
How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?
46
How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?
23
Oxygenated blood from the placenta returns to the fetus in the
umbilical vein
The primary nutrient source for early embryonic development that later becomes an important site for blood formation is the
Yolk sac
The cell that directly results from the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a single sperm is called a(n)
zygote.
The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.
Dilation
The ________ is the portion of the endometrium not in contact with the chorion.
parietal decidua
During gestation, contraction of the myometrium is inhibited by ________, produced by the corpus luteum.
progesterone
The uterine epithelium is broken down by the enzyme,
hyaluronidase.
The ________ is formed by the allantois, blood vessels, and yolk sac.
umbilical cord
The space bounded by the labia minora is the
Vestibule
The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.
acrosome
The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the
Penis
Which of the following statements about oogenesis is false?
The polar body is the egg cell which is then fertilized by the sperm cell.
Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which
sperm pass from the testis to the external urethral orifice.
1.
ductus deferens
2. urethra
3. ejaculatory duct
4. epididymis
4,1,3,2
The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the
Foreskin
Semen contains all of the following except
spermatogonia
Why are inguinal hernias generally associated with males?
Males have a canal through the abdominal wall that the testes move through, and it often does not close up properly
Contraction of the dartos muscle
tightens the scrotal sac.
In a 28 day cycle, ovulation typically occurs around day
Day 14
The pocket formed between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder is the
Rectourterine Pouch
Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?
infundibulum
Which of the following statements concerning the vagina is False
It loses a portion of its lining during menses.
Painful menstruation is called
Dysmenorrhea
The subsidence of an erection after ejaculation is known as
Detumescence
The main portion of the uterus is called the corpus or
Body
The portion of the urethra that penetrates the urogenital diaphragm is the
Membranous urethra
The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except
secrete testosterone.
The ________ ligaments extend from the base of the uterus and vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis.
Lateral
The round ligaments extend from the
lateral margins of the uterus, through the inguinal canal to the external genitalia
The role of inhibin in male reproduction is to
...
The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by meiosis I are called
secondary spermatocytes
The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the
Uterus
The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called
meiosis
Which hormone affects the osmolarity of blood?
Antidiuretic hormone
Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called
electrolytes
Which of the following statements is false regarding fluid and electrolyte balance?
...
Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the
capillaries
All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except
kidneys retain H+.
A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop
metabolic acidosis.
Which hormone does <span>not</span> play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?
...
The typical value of water losses and gains each day is
2500 mL
Amino acids in solution contain both a negative and positive charge and thus are termed a(n)
zwitterion
A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.
volatile
Water molecules move across cells by
osmosis
A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of
chronic respiratory acidosis
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer