A&P 2 Final study guide Flashcards

A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

The effects of this hormone oppose aldosterone.

Cushing's disease results from an excess of

Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?

The interstitial endocrine cells of the testes produce

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called

Tissue factor is a factor in the ________ pathway.

A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to

Which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?

A fibrin network that contains trapped blood cells and platelets is called a(n)

The function of hemoglobin is to

Eileen is a strict vegan and therefore eats no animal products. She develops an anemia that her doctor thinks is caused by a nutritional deficiency. Which of the following is the likeliest candidate?

A moving blood clot is called a(n)

Blood that has clotting proteins removed is termed

Which of these descriptions best matches the term B lymphocytes?

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it

The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.

Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of the following hormones?

Which of the following is true of the endocrine system?

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

The hormone related to appetite control is

Which is not a component of the RAAS and does not contribute to blood volume and electrolyte homeostasis?

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?

A hormone might

One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is

Adipocytes produce a peptide hormone called ________ that acts on the hypothalamus.

A patient is receiving exogenous cortisol in the form of hydrocortisone shots for a sinus infection. Their natural adrenal secretion of cortisol will decrease due to negative feedback on the ________ reducing the secretion of ________.

The interstitial endocrine cells of the testes produce

Type 2 diabetes

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

The function of red blood cells is to

When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin it is termed

In an emergency situation, a patient may be given plasma expanders while blood typing occurs. The plasma expanders are used to

Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?

Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations.

When hemoglobin does not have oxygen bound to hemoglobin it is termed

Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?

Which of these proteins functions to store or transport iron?

The hormone that stimulates platelet formation is

Plasma is closest in composition to

A cross-match test is performed between donor blood and recipient blood, even though the ABO and Rh blood types match between the two because

A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because

The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is

________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

A small white blood cell with a large round nucleus would be a

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is

How would removal of calcium ions from a blood sample affect coagulation?

The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if

The primary reason males have a higher hematocrit than females is because

Which feature of WBCs makes them particularly important in tissue injury?

Surgical removal of the stomach could cause

Reticulocytes complete their development into ________ in the circulation.

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?

Calculate the cardiac output of a patient with a heart rate of 100 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 75 ml.

A patient has an end-diastolic volume of 125 ml. A heart attack has weakened her left ventricle so it can pump a stroke volume of only 40 ml. Calculate her end-systolic volume.

Positive inotropic drugs such as glucagon and thyroid hormone cause

The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day.

Which of the following describes what is directly measured by an ECG?

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

These structures keep the aortic valve cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta.

Hypertension increases ________ causing stroke volume to ________.

Stroke volume depends on all of the following factors except

At the level of the first rib, the axillary vein becomes the ________ vein.

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the cerebral arterial circle from the posterior is the ________ artery.

Which of the following contributes to the formation of the popliteal vein?

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by

The most common site of a stroke is the

The regulation of blood flow by local mechanisms within a capillary bed is called

In response to hemorrhage, there is

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the cerebral arterial circle from the posterior is the ________ artery.

Which of the following is not a cardiovascular modification present during fetal development?

Arteries that supply the plantar portion of the foot branch from the posterior ________ artery.

The ________ carries nutrient-rich blood into the liver.

The smallest arterial branches are called the

Blood from the dorsal venous arch is drained by the ________ vein(s).

Blood pressure is determined by

The blood vessel that carries blood to the arm and shoulder is the ________ artery.

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased

Distension of the superficial veins caused by weakened valves is termed

Elderly individuals are more prone than younger individuals to have all of the following, except

Which of the following vessels changes diameter most readily to local conditions or SNS stimulation?

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

Near the level of vertebra L 4, the aorta branches to form the ________ arteries.

What is the primary reason cardiovascular disease affects older women and not younger women?

Which of the following contributes to the formation of the popliteal vein?

Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called

An important pulse point in the neck on the lateral sides of the trachea is the

The ________ receives blood from the diaphragm.

All of the following conditions change peripheral resistance by affecting blood viscosity except

Which of the these blood vessels is not a visceral branch of the thoracic aorta?

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle when the semilunar valve closes is the

The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from

The ________ is a remnant of an important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit?

The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart.
1. Purkinje fibers
2. AV bundle
3. AV node
4. SA node
5. bundle branches

The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is

A slower-than-normal heart rate is called

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow

The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation is the

Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

Positive inotropic drugs such as glucagon and thyroid hormone cause

There are ________ pulmonary veins.

The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day.

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
1. right atrium
2. left atrium
3. right ventricle
4. left ventricle
5. venae cavae
6. aorta
7. pulmonary trunk
8. pulmonary veins

The ________ is the volume of blood in a ventricle at the beginning of systole.

Which of the following is occurring during ventricular diastole?

Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.

Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?

Cardiac output is increased by

Which of the following statements is true concerning differences between the right and left ventricles?

Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

Various types of macrophages are derived from

________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

Class II MHC molecules are found on which of the following?

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the

The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.

The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

The apneustic centers of the pons

The auditory tubes open into the

Lymphatic capillaries are not found in

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

Which of the following is not a lymphocyte?

An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.

The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the

Large lymphatic vessels have a wall structure most similar to which blood vessel?

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are

Various types of macrophages are derived from

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

An important protein in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement activation is

Helper T cells do all of the following except

If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many peptide chains would be set free?

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are

In passive immunity, the

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphatic nodule.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called an

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

Which pressure remains negative throughout the respiratory cycle?

JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms?

Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system?

conchae

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

The chloride shift occurs in order to

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

Henry's law states that

Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each segmental bronchus.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

A condition that increases lung compliance is

An important component of the lamina propria in the upper respiratory system is

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form

Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

How does the pressure "P4" at label "4" compare to the pressure "P5" at label "5"?

A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?

The superior region of the pharynx is called the

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is

The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the

G cells of the stomach secrete

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in

Motility in the small intestines is controlled in part by all of the following except

The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably

________ are also known as canines.

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of

Intermediary molecules that accept electrons and transfer them to another molecule are called

Lipids

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?

Lipogenesis is common for organic molecules because the intermediate ________ is formed in most nutrient metabolic processes.

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.

The condition when excessive fluid loss from sweating disrupts thermoregulatory mechanisms is known as

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

Major calyces are

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

Damage to the glomerular filtration membrane allowing proteins into the capsular space would result in all of the following except

The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

Which of the following is a not a true statement regarding the countercurrent multiplication system?

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the

The oral cavity is also known as the ________ cavity.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the

Bile is stored in the

Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6):

1. intestinal phase4. prepares stomach for arrival of food2. gastric phase5. stomach empties and decreases secretions3. cephalic phase6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the

Circular folds are

Which of the following is true regarding the production of intestinal juice?

A surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the

The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.

There are normally a total of ________ permanent teeth.

The root of a tooth is covered by

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from

Leptin is to satiety as ________ is to hunger.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that

The study of the flow of energy and its transformations is called

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

The citric acid cycle occurs in the

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.

The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is

All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting except

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?

Fatty acids and many amino acids cannot be used for ________ because their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.

Major calyces are

Prolonged aldosterone stimulation of the distal convoluted tubule may result in

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

The proximal convoluted tubule cells are

Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg.

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except

The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the

Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis.

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels starting at the renal artery?
1.afferent arteriole2.arcuate artery3.interlobar artery4.segmental artery5.glomerulus6.cortical radiate artery7.efferent arteriole8.peritubular capillary

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flows

The concentration at which all of the carriers in renal tubules for a given substance are saturated is the

Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and

Which of the following statements regarding fluid and electrolyte balance is true?

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

The two major subdivisions of the ECF are the

Amino acids in solution contain both a negative and positive charge and thus are termed a(n)

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

The normal pH range for ECF is

When pure water is consumed,

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is

The vulva includes all of the following except the

The space bounded by the labia minora is the

Which of the following statements concerning the vagina is false?

The portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is called the

The delicate layer of serous membrane that covers the testis is called the

The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the

The spermatic cord is

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest of the reproductive cancers because it

The hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis in males is

During gastrulation,

The ________ is formed by the allantois, blood vessels, and yolk sac.

The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.

If fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________.

If an individual carries two different alleles for the same trait, the individual is ________ for the trait.

Which of the following places the stages of labor in the correct order?

In ________, implantation occurs somewhere other than in the uterus.

After fertilization, the first cell division is completed

The clear liquid secreted by the mammary glands before milk production begins is called

The placenta is a source of all of the following hormones, except

The uterine epithelium is broken down by which structure of the blastocyst?

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?

How many chromosomes do human gametes contain?

Oxygenated blood from the placenta returns to the fetus in the

The primary nutrient source for early embryonic development that later becomes an important site for blood formation is the

The cell that directly results from the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a single sperm is called a(n)

The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.

The ________ is the portion of the endometrium not in contact with the chorion.

During gestation, contraction of the myometrium is inhibited by ________, produced by the corpus luteum.

The uterine epithelium is broken down by the enzyme,

The ________ is formed by the allantois, blood vessels, and yolk sac.

The space bounded by the labia minora is the

The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.

The organ that delivers semen into the female reproductive tract is the

Which of the following statements about oogenesis is false?

Arrange the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the external urethral orifice.
1. ductus deferens
2. urethra
3. ejaculatory duct
4. epididymis

The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the

Semen contains all of the following except

Why are inguinal hernias generally associated with males?

Contraction of the dartos muscle

In a 28 day cycle, ovulation typically occurs around day

The pocket formed between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder is the

Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?

Which of the following statements concerning the vagina is False

Painful menstruation is called

The subsidence of an erection after ejaculation is known as

The main portion of the uterus is called the corpus or

The portion of the urethra that penetrates the urogenital diaphragm is the

The nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following except

The ________ ligaments extend from the base of the uterus and vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis.

The round ligaments extend from the

The role of inhibin in male reproduction is to

The cells that are formed during spermatogenesis by meiosis I are called

The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the

The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called

Which hormone affects the osmolarity of blood?

Substances that can carry electrical current across cell membranes are called

Which of the following statements is false regarding fluid and electrolyte balance?

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except

A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop

Which hormone does&nbsp;&nbsp;<span>not</span>&nbsp;play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

The typical value of water losses and gains each day is

Amino acids in solution contain both a negative and positive charge and thus are termed a(n)

A(n) ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Water molecules move across cells by

A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)