Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
90/55
Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?
tunica media
The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta?
Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart and are named by the organs they supply (renal) are _________.
muscular arteries
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart.
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________.
arterioles
In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow.
sinusoid
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters?
They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.
capillaries
The beginning of a true capillary is surrounded by a precapillary sphincter. The opening and closing of precapillary sphincters is controlled by ________.
local chemical conditions
Which of the following is NOT true regarding fenestrated capillaries?
Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey."
sinusoids
Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue?
capillaries and venules
Factors that aid venous return include all EXCEPT ________.
urinary output
Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance.
directly; inversely
The influence of blood vessel diameter on total peripheral resistance is ________.
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?
blood vessel diameter
Atherosclerosis causes elastic arteries to become less stretchy. How does this affect pulse pressure?
Pulse pressure is chronically increased.
Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure?
venous anastomoses
The pulse pressure is ________.
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does NOT affect a pulse rate reading.
the vessel selected to palpate
If a person were to have substantial blood loss, you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to happen EXCEPT one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss.
decreased heart rate
During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which of the following would NOT be expected from taking a diuretic drug?
greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion
A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue?
lower heart rate and reduced blood flow
The release of which hormone is most likely to cause a reduction in blood volume and pressure?
atrial natriuretic peptide
Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels?
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated.
Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does NOT describe the activity of aldosterone hormone?
It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
rapidly falling blood pressure
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
renal regulation
Total peripheral resistance ________.
increases as blood viscosity increases
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Mechanisms that do NOT help regulate blood pressure include ________.
the dural sinus reflex
The velocity of blood flow is ________
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT ________.
decreased size of the heart muscle
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?
altering blood volume
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
kidney disease
If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so?
Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes?
Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.
Brain blood flow autoregulation ________.
is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
Blood flow to the skin ________.
increases when environmental temperature rises
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
Which of the following would NOT result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?
a local increase in pH
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?
falling blood volume
Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________.
decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur
In general, it is expected that ________.
hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed
In general, it is expected that ________.
osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed
The velocity of blood is slowest in the capillaries and pressure of blood is lowest in the veins. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds?
Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false?
It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
Which of the following contain oxygenated blood?
pulmonary veins
The abdominal aorta splits into which vessels?
right and left common iliac arteries
The term ductus venosus refers to ________.
a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation?
superior vena cava
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of lymph?
lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks to lymphatic ducts
Lymph traveling from the left arm would enter the venous circulation via the _______.
thoracic duct
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?
erythrocytes
Lymph vessels do NOT transport ________.
erythrocytes
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
Select the correct statement about lymph transport.
Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.
Lymphatic capillaries are present in ________.
digestive organs
Which of the following is NOT a method that maintains lymph flow?
capillary smooth muscle contraction
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
transporting respiratory gases
From the right leg, lymph moves in which order?
right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein
Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting lymphatic vessels.
trunks
Fats absorbed from the small intestine are transported to the bloodstream via ________.
lacteals
Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphoid organ?
pancreas
The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
more permeable than blood capillaries
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.
B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
Which of the following is considered a primary lymphoid organ?
thymus
Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.
thymus
Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ________.
lymph nodes
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.
efferent lymphatic vessels
What is a bubo?
an infected lymph node
Large clusters of lymph nodes are NOT found in the ________ region.
popliteal
Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to ________.
fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.
plasma cells
Functions of the spleen include all of those below EXCEPT ________.
forming crypts that trap bacteria
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?
produce new erythrocytes in adults
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the spleen?
Red pulp is where immune functions take place.
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.
tonsil
Which of the following structures is NOT considered mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
thymus
Peyer's patches are found in the distal portion of the ________.
small intestine
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
islets of Langerhans
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
lingual tonsils
Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________ that trap bacteria and particulate matter.
tonsillar crypts
Which of the following statements regarding the thymus is FALSE?
It has follicles similar to those in the spleen.
The thymus is most active during ________.
childhood
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT ________.
directly fight antigens
Which lymphoid organs and tissues are characterized by a cortex and medulla?
lymph nodes and thymus only
Which lymphoid organ atrophies as we age?
thymus
The blood testis barrier is to newly formed sperm cells as the blood thymus barrier is to ________.
T lymphocyte precursors
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The thymus consists mainly of lymphoid tissue.
Which lymphoid organ or tissue lacks a reticular fiber stroma?
thymus
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
innate external defenses
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
innate internal defenses
What cells make antibodies?
plasma B cells
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
an antigenic determinant
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
humoral immunity
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells
The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?
Memory B cells
Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:
Chemotaxis. phagocyte is attracted or called towards infection.
Adherence. phagocyte attaches to microbe.
Ingestion. microbe is engulfed in "phagosome"
Phagolysosome formation. lysosome adds digestive chemicals.
Killing. ...
Elimination.
Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus
Epitopes are attached to MHC-II
Digestion of the Rhinovirus
MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?
BCR and TCR
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?
Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?
Clonal selection of B cells
Which of the following statements is true?
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
T-cell
Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
dendritic cells
Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
mast cells
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
opsonization
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
antigen-presenting cells
Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
class II MHC proteins
Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
CD8
Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
all nucleated cells
Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
CD8 cells
T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.
thymus
Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched?
helper T cells: destroy infected body cells
Activated CD8 T cells become __________.
cytotoxic T cells
A recent measles outbreak in your community has sparked interest in antibody testing to determine which patients are immune, which are at risk for infection, and which patients actually have measles. Which patient status and lab values are incorrectly matched?
Never immunized and ill with measles for 3 days: IgG +/ IgM -
Your patient is living with HIV infection and has not developed AIDS. She knows that her CD4 count is carefully monitored, and she asks why this test is important. How would you explain the role of CD4 cells?
"CD4 cells are special lymphocytes (white blood cells) that activate other immune cells and direct your body's response to invaders."
Your clinical instructor wants a brief description of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. What would you tell him?
The heat and redness are caused by increased blood flow to the infected areas, and the pain and swelling are caused by excessive leakage of fluid from the capillaries into the infected area.
Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?
mucous membranes
A cellular component of the innate defenses includes ________.
natural killer cells
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.
Inflammation ________.
brings more leukocytes to the site of infection
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.
disrupting the selective permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane
All but one of the following occurs during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does NOT describe the process of inflammation.
Vasoconstriction prevents excessive blood loss due to injury.
During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.
B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
vasodilation
Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Interferons ________.
interfere with viral replication within cells
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
cytokines
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________.
natural killer cells
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
opsonization
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
phagocytosis
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________.
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
Fever ________.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
Which of the following is activated by the binding of proteins to sugars on the surface of microorganisms?
lectin pathway
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
Which of the following is true of antigens?
Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response.
Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?
Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers.
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
haptens
Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes.
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
reactivity with an antibody
Select the correct statement about antigens.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.
T cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
bone marrow
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
A vaccine is effective because ________.
the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient than the primary response
A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________.
the flu has several strains that change seasonally
Vaccines work by ________.
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
Plasma cells ________.
have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
antigen
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
elevated blood glucose
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
Clonal selection of B cells ________.
results in the formation of plasma cells
The primary immune response ________.
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
Antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?
IgG
An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________.
its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second and subsequent exposure to an antigen
B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons B lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity?
They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.
T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
They become T helper cells
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
antigenic
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
Regulatory T cells ________.
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
T-cell activation requires ________.
antigen binding and co-stimulation
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false?
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
Immunocompetence ________.
s the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Cytotoxic T cells ________.
can directly attack and kill other cells of the body
T helper cells ________.
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of _________
regulatory T cells
Which statement is true about T cells?
Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
Allergens differ from antigens because ________.
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of _________.
antibodies; histamine
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
a second exposure to an allergen