Anti diuretic hormone acts on ___________, to retain water, which in turn ___________ blood volume and pressure
kidney, increase
Aldosterone acts on the kidney to retain ____________, which in turn __________ blood volume & pressure
salt, increase
this hormone initiates the signaling process when blood pressure is reduced to the kidney
renin
Anti-Diuretic Hormone is released by the _________.
pituitary gland
Aldosterone is released by the ___________.
adrenal gland
Angiotensin II is released by the ___________.
liver
Atrial Naturitic Peptide is released by the ___________.
atria of heart
Renin is released by the _____________.
kidney
Which hormones increase blood pressure by increasing blood volume?
aldosterone and anti-diuretic hormone
Which hormone decreases blood pressure by vasodilation?
atrial naturitic peptide
Increasing cardiac output (increases/decreases) mean arterial pressure
increases
- cardiac output is the amount of blood your heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute
- when your heart is beating both faster and stronger cardiac output increases
-MAP is the average arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle. perfusion pressure seen by the organs in the body
if water is retained by the body, as in the case of vasopressin, blood pressure tends to
increases
if the heart is stimulated by epinephrine, a sympathetic hormone, blood vessel diameter(increases/decreases) in size.
decreases, because epinephrine increases vasoconstriction
if preload increases due to a decrease in compliance in large veins, blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit (increases/decreases)
increases, because force is increasing
Nitric Oxide (NO) is released constantly by endothelium in vessels; when released it causes diameter of the vessel to (increase/decrease)
increase
- NO is a vasodilator
impaired lung function due to hypo-ventilation causes a decrease in circulation oxygen, increase in carbon dioxide, and decrease in PH. These factors lead to activation of vessels by causing a(n) (increase/decrease) in blood pressure.
increase; sympathetic ANS stimulated
during inflammation, mast cells release histamine, which causes localized vessel changes that (increase/decrease) blood flow and (increase/decrease) blood pressure at the site of infection
increase, decrease
platelets are actively involved in blood clotting. During this process, they release thromboxane A2, which causes local vessel diameter to (increase/decrease) which causes blood flow at the site to (increase/decrease)
decrease (constrict), decrease
if there is an increase in inotropy, than there is an increase in stroke volume that leads to changes in cardiac output and subsequently (increase/decrease) blood pressure
increase
- inotropy is contractility
- stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected during cardiac muscle contraction
in chronic hypertension, there is a thickening of the artery wall which leads to a(n) (increase/decrease) in vessel diameter and a(n) (increase/decrease) in blood pressure
decrease, increase
Aorta, Common Carotid, Common Iliac, Pulmonary Trunk are examples; these vessels have thick tunica media with embedded elastin to enhance recoil to maintain blood pressure
(type of vessel)
large elastic artery
valves are present in this vessel which is primarily found within muscle groups or attached to peripheral organs; thin tunica media and thick tunica externa
(type of vessel)
medium vein
- only veins have valves
most abundant vessel type carrying oxygenated blood; contribute most to overall blood pressure and resistance by performing vasomotion; thick tunica media
(type of vessel)
resistance arteriole
allows leukocytes to emigrate from bloodstream into tissues;low pressure vessel carrying deoxygenated blood from capillary beds
(type of vessel)
venule
distributes oxygenated blood to specific organs and muscle groups, contains two distinct layers of elastin that surround the tunica media
medium muscular artery
vena cava, internal jugular, pulmonary veins, renal veins are examples;these vessels have thick tunica externa and rely on compression to pressurize and move blood
large vein
whic layer of the vessel contains areolar connective tissue?
tunica externa
in a vein, this layer of the wall is the thickest
tunica externa
- veins need a lot of connective tissue so that they don't roll around
the tunica intima consists of which tissue type?
simple squamous; endothelium
the tunica media consists of what tissue type
smooth muscle
the majority of the blood in the body is found in the...........
veins