a valve of the heart consisting of two cusps attached by chordae tendineae, present between the left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid/Mitral valve
receiving chamber of the heart that moves de oxygenated blood from the vena cava
Right Atrium
outgrowths of the cardiac muscle that help secure atrioventricular valves in place
Papillary Muscles
largest vessels of the body that move deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
Vena Cava
shared wall between right and left artia
Interatrial Septum
receiving chamber of the heart that moves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
Left Atrium
valve of the heart consisting of three cusps attached by chordae tendineae , present between right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
pumping chamber of the heart that moves blood into the aorta
Left Ventricle
valve of the heart consisting of three cusps, present between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Semilunar valve
vessel that moves deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Pulmonary Trunk
shared wall between right and left ventricles
Interventricular Septum
pumping chamber of the heart that moves deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk
Right Ventricle
valve of the heart consisting of 3 cusps, present between the left ventricle and aorta
Aortic Semilunar Valve
largest vessel of the body that moves oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to systemic circulation
Aorta
vessels that carry oxygenated blood form the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary Veins
fibrous membrane surrounding the heart
Pericardium
visceral layer of the pericardium
Epicardium
muscle of the heart. this is what contracts during the cardiac cycle
Myocardium
innermost layer of the heart. only visible after the heart has been cut open
Endocardium
flattened, bioconcave disk; pale red in color
transport oxygen and carbondioxide to/from tissues
RBC/Erythrocyte
phagocytic cells, can release cytotoxic chemicals in bacterial infections
abundant light purple granules in cytoplasm, multi lobed nucleus
Neutrophils
present in viral and fungal infections, aggressive macrophages. Antigen presenting cell
largest leukocyte with an indented U or horse shaped nucleus
Monocyte
large circular nucleus that occupies most of the cell , clear cytoplasm
function in the third line of defense; produce armies of cells and/or antibodies against a specific target pathogen
Lymphocyte
nucleus typically bi-lobed, red granules in cytoplasm
increase in number during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Eosinophil
cell fragments containing purple granules
function in hemostasis by forming a plug to stop bleeding
Platelet
nucleus is obscured due to large dark purple granules present
promotes inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
Basophil
component of the heme group that binds to oxygen
IRON
fibrin digesting enzyme, necessary for the breakdown of the fibrin mesh of a clot
Plasmin
needed for DNA synthesis in erythrocyte formation
Vitamin B12
converts CO2 and water to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
Carbonic Anhydrase
fibrous monomers that combine and stitch damaged vessels
Fibrin
which molecule binds to hemoglobin to stimulate the displacement of oxygen?
Hydrogen Ions
when a blood clot is forming in the body, signaling by platelets recruits other platelets to the site of injury. The coagulation cascade is initiated and the body does not stop until the clot is formed and bleeding has ceased. This is an example of:
Positive Feedback
Plasma has many dissolved substances. Which of the following are NOT present under normal conditions?
Carbon Monoxide - will displace oxygen
Which of the following causes vascular spasm during hemostasis?
Endothelium
during the coagulation cascade, conversion of which molecule by activated platelets result in the common pathway?
Factor X
always found circulating in the blood plasma
it is inactive until cleaved to active form
Fibrinogen
heart cells at rest. slightly negative charge
Polarization
cells reach their threshold
contracting/working
charge changes from ( - ) to ( + )
Depolarization
brings cells back to resting state, back to negative charge
Repolarization
conduction cells that spread signal from atria to ventricles
Bundle of HIS/AV bundle
generates the initial action potential; pacemaker of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
nerve-like cardio myocytes that activate the lateral ventricular walls. last to be stimulated
Purkinje Fibers
concentration of cells in the interatrial septum; slows down action potentials so atria have time to contract and fill ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
cells split and descend to the apex of the heart via the interventricular
Right and Left Bundle Branches
calcium handling/slow release
shows a prominent plateau phase after spike during action potential
Cardiac Muscle
sodium handling
sharp drop immediately after spike in action potential
Skeletal Muscle
what event happens when the pressure in the Left Ventricle is higher than the pressure in the Left Atrium
Mitral/Bicuspid (AV valves) close
during ventricular systole, blood in the atria is _________(increased/decreased) and volume of the ventricle is ________
Increased
Low
during isovolumic contraction, pressure is highest in the ___________
outflow vessels
during what part of the cardiac cycle is pressure highest in the large systemic arteries?
Isovolumic Relaxation
during ventricular diastole, pressure of the RIGHT VENTRICLE is _________ (increased,decreased,same), compared to pressure in the RIGHT ATRIUM
Decreased
what phase of the cardiac cycle are cardiomyocytes shortening?
Isovolumic Contraction
What event occurs when the pressure in the Left Ventricle is higher than the pressure in the aorta?
Aortic Semilunar Valves open
right side of the heart
low pressure pump because blood is only going through the heart to lungs to be oxygenated
deoxygenated blood enters the venacava
Pulmonary Circuit
left side structures
moves oxygenated blood out to the whole body
requires a higher blood pressure pump as well as more muscle
Systemic Circuit