Which of the following will effectively limit further deflation in a given area?

a) sea level

b) desert pavement

c) a hanging valley

d) the repose level

____ is a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.

a) rock cleavage

b) foliation

c) stress streaking

d) marbelizing

Large estuaries are more common on a ____ coastline.

a) submergent

b) emergent

c) stable

d) retreating

The water table is ____.

a) a boundary between unsaturated bedrock and an underground river

b) a boundary between unsaturated bedrock below and saturated bedrock above

c) an underground mass of partly saturated rock

d) a boundary between saturated rock below and unsaturated rock above

From the land surface downward to the unweathered bedrock, which of the following is the correct order of the different soil horizons?

a) O, A, E, B, C, bedrock

b) A, B, C, D, E, bedrock

c) E, A, B, C, O, bedrock

d) D, E, C, B, A, bedrock

____ is an erosional contact between tilted, older strata below and horizontal, younger strata above.

a) inverse bedding

b) an angular unconformity

c) a disconformity

d) cross cutting

On ponds and lakes, what term corresponds to a waves length or width, depending on wind direction? It is also the distance the wind blows over a continuous water surface.

The height, length, and period of a wave depend upon _____.

a) the length of time the wind has blown

b) the wind speed

c) the fetch

d) all of these

An unconformity is a buried ____.

a) fault or fracture with older rocks above and younger rocks below

b) surface of erosion separating younger strata above and older strata below

c) fault or fracture with younger strata above and older strata below

d) surface of erosion with older strata above and younger strata below

Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?

a) a rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks

b) a mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.

c) In a mineral, the constituent atoms are bonded ina regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains

d) a rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles

All silicate minerals contain which two elements?

a) iron, silicon

b) silicon, sodium

c) oxygen, carbon

d) silicon, oxygen

Which common mineral is composed entirely of silcon and oxygen?

a) calcite

b) diamond

c) olivine

d) quartz

Deep-oceanic trenches (subduction zones) are most abundant around the rim of the _____ ocean basin.

a) Atlantic

b) Indian

c) Arctic

d) Pacific

Which one of the following stress situations results in folding of flat lying sedimentary strata?

a) horizontally directed; compressive stresses

b) vertically directed; extensional or stretching stresses

c) horizontally directed; extensional stresses

d) vertically directed; compressional stresses

_____ cement produces bright-red and yellow colors in some sandstone.

a) clay

b) calcite

c) quartz

d) iron oxide

What depositional feature is located along the out portion of meander bends?

a) cutbank

b) point bars

Highest high tides and lowest low tides of the month.

a) neap tides

b) spring tides

How does an angular boulder weather?

What portion of an angular, fracture bounded granitic block shows the highest rate of weathering?

a) the unfractured interior

b) the edges and corners

c) the crack surfaces not including edges and corners

d) all of the above show equal rates

Where are the two primary lava types found?

____ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.

a) a builtrail

b) an oxbow

c) a cowhock

d) a gatorback

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth parallel planes is known as ____.

The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the ____.

a) earthquake magnitude

b) intensity of the earthquake

c) length of the nseismic record

d) arrival times of P and S waves

What is a waste gas from plants?

_____ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone.

a) a migmatite

b) a amphibolite

c) a marble

d) a quartzite

Which of the following metamorphic rocks could be used to neutralize acidic mine waters?

a) granite gneiss

b) quartzite

c) slate

d) marble

What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble?

a) calcite grains grow larger and increase in size

b) clays crystallize to micas, forming a highly foliated , mica-rich rock

c) limestone grains react to form quartz and feldspars

d) calcite grains dissolve away leaving only marble crystals

Granite is a _____ igneous rock.

Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ______.

a) granite

b) gabbro

c) basalt

d) rhyolite

Most common form of igneous rock is ____.

granite is ____.

What are two primary factors in weathering?

what is mechanical weathering?

what is chemical weathering?

What are three geologic principles?

What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it?

a) law of original correlation

b) theory of correlative deposition

c) law of superposition

d) theory of superstition

The ___ is the idea or concept that ancient life forms succeeded each other in a definite, evolutionary pattern and that the contained assemblage of fossils can determine geological ages of strata?

a) principle of cross correlation

b) law of fossil regression

c) law of correlating indexing

d) principle of faunal succession

Sedimentary and volcanic rocks are deposited in horizontal layers

a) principle of original horizontality

b) principle of cross-cutting

c) principle of inclusions

If a rock strata or fault is cut by another rock strata or fault then the cut strata or fault is older than the strata or fault that cut them.

a) principle of inclusions

b) principle of cross-cutting

c) principle of horizontality

If a rock contains fragments of another rock, then the fragments are older than the rock it encloses

a) principle of inclusions

b) principle of original horizontality

c) principle of cross-cutting

Name three types of plate boundaries

Pull -apart rift zones are generally associated with a ____ plate boundary.

a) transform

b) divergent

c) convergent

d) all plate boundaries and movement of India into Eurasia

A transform plate boundary is characterized by ____.

a) strato volcanoes on the edge of a plate and shield volcanoes on the adjacent plate

b) two converging ocean plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge

c) a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate]d) a deep, verticle fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite dirextions.

d) a deep, verticle fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

Boundaries along which plates slide past one another and crust is neither produced or destroyed are _____.

By applying the law of superposition ___ dates can be determined.

a) conventional

b) radiometric

c) relative

d) both relative and radiometric

Linear magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ____.

a) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma

b) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge

c) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly paralle to the ridge

d) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis

Deep-focus earthquakes are associated with ________ plate boundaries.

________ plate boundaries have the largest magnitude earthquakes.

Define an artesian aquifer.

Example of cross cutting

example of divergent boundary/oceanic

example of convergent boundary/ocean to ocean

example divergent boundary/continent to continent

example convergent boundary/ocean to continent

example of the hydrologic cycle

example of continental convergent boundary

example of the rock cycle

The process whereby water continually circulates between the earth's surface and the atmosphere.

____ is the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants.

a) runoff

b) evaporation

c) transpiration

d) infiltration

e) precipitation

Water that flows over land, until it reaches lakes, rivers or other areas.

Which component of the hydrologic cycle describes the recharge of water to the soil and groundwater?

a) transpiration

b) infiltration

c) precipitation

d) evaporation

e) runoff

changes from gas state to liquid state

to change from liquid to vapor

Define a mineral

what is the rock cycle?

The Mid Atlantic ridge is associated with a ______.

a) oceanic divergent boundary

b) continental divergent boundary

c) oceanic/continental convergent boundary

d) oceanic convergent boundary

What is the effect of a oceanic divergent boundary?

a) new oceanic crust is formed in the rift zone

b) new continental crust formed in the rift zone

c) continental volcanic arc forms new mountains

d) oceanic island arch forms

East African Rift is associated with a _____.

a) oceanic divergent boundary

b) continental divergent boundary

c) oceanic/continental convergent boundary

d) oceanic convergent boundary

What is the effect if a continental divergent boundary?

a) new oceanic crust is formed in the rift zone

b) new continental crust formed in the rift zone

c) continental volcanic arc forms new mountains

d) oceanic island arch forms

The Andes Mountains are associated with ____?

a) oceanic divergent boundary

b) continental divergent boundary

c) oceanic/continental convergent boundary

d) oceanic convergent boundary

What is the effect of a oceanic/continental convergent boundary?

a) new oceanic crust is formed in the rift zone

b) new continental crust formed in the rift zone

c) continental volcanic arc forms new mountains

d) oceanic island arch forms

The Aleutian Islands are associated with ____.

a) oceanic divergent boundary

b) continental divergent boundary

c) oceanic/continental convergent boundary

d) oceanic convergent boundary

What is the effect of a oceanic convergent boundary?

a) new oceanic crust is formed in the rift zone

b) new continental crust formed in the rift zone

c) continental volcanic arc forms new mountains

d) oceanic island arch forms

The Alps and Appalachian Mountains are associated with ____.

a) continent/continent convergent boundary

b) continental transform boundary

c) oceanic/continental convergent boundary

d) oceanic/oceanic conbvergent boundary

What is the effect of a continent/continent convergent boundary?

a) new mountain range forms

b) plates slide past one another

c) oceanic island arch forms

d) continental volcanic arc forms new mountains

The San Andreas Fault is associated with ____.

a) continental transform boundary

b) continent/continent convergent boundary

c) oceanic/continental convbergent boundary

d) ocean/ocean convergent boundary

What is the effect of a continental transform boundary?

a) plates slide past one another

b) new mountain range forms'

c) oceanic island arch forms

d) continental volcanic arc forms new mountains