The _________________ is the largest system of the body
-Sixteen percent of body weight

The integument is made up of two parts ________________ and ___________________.

_________________ originate in the dermis and extend through the epidermis to skin surface. Includes Hair, Nails, and Multicellular exocrine glands

Functions of ___________ are Protection of underlying tissues and organs; Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands); Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporation); Production of melanin

Functions of _________:
Production of keratin
Synthesis of vitamin D3
Storage of lipids
Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

_______________________ has sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain, vibration,
and temperature. Blood 
vessels assist in thermoregulation.

The ________________ is avascular stratified squamous epithelium. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

__________________ Contain large amounts of keratin and
Are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

_________________ is keratinocytes produce keratohyalin and
keratin; Keratin fibers develop as cells become
thinner and flatter; Gradually the plasma membranes thicken,
the organelles disintegrate, and the cells die

Stratum Basale is attached to basement membrane by _______________________.

Stratum Basale forms epidermal ridges which are the basis of _______________.

______________ are tiny mounds that increase the area of basement membrane and strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis

Stratum Basale has many basal cells, or ___________________.

Specialized Cells of Stratum Basale are ______________ and _________________.

_____________ found in hairless skin and responds to touch (trigger nervous system)

____________________ contain the pigment melanin and are scattered throughout stratum basale

_________________ — the “spiny layer” produced by division of stratum basale; Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes; Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (spiny)
Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response

___________________ is the “grainy layer” that stops dividing, starts producing: Keratin and Keratohyalin

______________ is a tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails

______________ are dense granules that Cross-link keratin fibers

Cells of ______________________ produce protein fibers, dehydrate and die, create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

_________________ is the “clear layer” and found only in thick skin. It covers the stratum granulosum

_______________ is the “horn layer” that is exposed surface of skin; 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells; Water resistant; Shed and replaced every two weeks

_________________ is the formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin; Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes. Skin life cycle: It takes 7 to 10 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum

__________________ interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

______________ results from immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g., seawater [osmosis])

______________ results from immersion in hypotonic solution (e.g., freshwater [osmosis]) Causes swelling of epithelial cells, evident on the palms and soles

Skin Color Is Influenced by Two Pigments: ____________ and ______________ and Blood circulation (red blood cells)

_______________ is orange-yellow pigment that is found in orange vegetables and accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis. It can be converted to vitamin A.

___________ is yellow-brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes in stratum basale. Stored in transport vesicles (melanosomes) and transferred to keratinocytes

________________ produce and store
 melanin

Skin color depends on ___________ production, not number of melanocytes

Blood vessels _______ from heat, skin reddens.
Blood flow decreases, skin pales

____________ is bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation

Pituitary tumor is excess _______.

Addison’s disease is disease of the pituitary gland that
Skin _______________.

__________ is loss of melanocytes and loss of color

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into _____________ which
Aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus

_____________________ is produced by glands (salivary and duodenum)

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is used in laboratories to grow __________________.

Functions of _______:
Promotes division of germinative cells
Accelerates keratin production
Stimulates epidermal repair
Stimulates glandular secretion

The ________________ consists of areolar tissue; Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons; and has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

The __________________ consists of dense irregular connective tissue; contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers; Contains collagen and elastic fibers; Contains connective tissue proper

________________ an inflammation of the papillary layer; Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy); characterized by itch or pain

Another name for the eponychium is ______________.

__________________ are very strong, resist stretching but bend easily and provide flexibility

_________________ permit stretching and then recoil to original length and limit the flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue

_________________ is a network of arteries along the reticular layer

______________ is a capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer

_______________ is a capillary return deep to the papillary plexus

______________ is damage to blood vessels resulting in “black-and-blue” bruising

Functions of ____________:
Protects and insulates
Guards openings against particles and insects
Is sensitive to very light touch

The base of a hair follicle is surrounded by sensory nerves called ___________________.

_________________ lubricate the hair and control bacteria

The ______________ produces hair matrix:
A layer of dividing basal cells
Produces hair structure
Pushes hair up and out of skin

In the Hair Shaft Structure the _____________ is the central core.

in the Hair Shaft Structure the ____________ is the surface layer.

In the Hair Shaft Structure the _____________ is the middle layer.

Medulla contains ____________ keratin

Cortex and cuticle contain _______________ keratin

____________ is not growing and is attached to an inactive follicle

_____________ is soft, fine and covers body surface

________________ is heavy, pigmented hair on Head, eyebrows, eyelashes and other parts of body after puberty

_________________ discharge directly onto skin surface

_____________________ are found in armpits, around nipples, and groin and secrete products into hair follicles. They produce sticky, cloudy secretions and break down and cause odors

Apocrine Sweat Glands are surrounded by _________________.
They squeeze apocrine gland secretions onto skin surface in response to hormonal or nervous signal.

_____________________ are widely distributed on body surface, especially on palms and soles. They are coiled, tubular glands
that discharge directly onto skin surface

____________ sweat glands
 discharge a watery fluid 
onto the surface of the 
skin.

__________________ glands produce cerumen (earwax) that protect the eardrum.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls ______________ and ___________ sweat glands that work simultaneously over entire body.

_____________ sweat glands are controlled independently and sweating occurs locally.

Nail production occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the ____________

Nail body the visible portion of the nail covers the ____________.

______________ is the pale crescent at the base of the nail

Skin beneath the distal free edge of the nail is the __________________.

________________ is the cuticle.

____________________ feels pressure or vibrations in the skin.

Basal cell carcinoma begins in the ______________— a type of cell within the skin that produces new skin cells as old ones die off.

_______________ is the layer that are eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes. Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response.

The ________________ layer is a thinner and flatter where the cells start to die.

The thickest layer of epidermis is the __________________.

_____________ is caused by a deficiency in calcium and vitamin D.

______________ is when there is excess MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone) which causes the skin to turn dark.

_________________ causes you to turn darker without sunlight.

• A disease of the pituitary gland