normal pH of sperm

normal pH of vaginal secretions

Lecithin/sphingomyelin ration indicating fetal lung maturity

gram stain morphology of lactobacillus

location of CSF

formed when numerous bacteria adhere to membranes of epithelial cells; most diagnostic indicator of bacterial vaginosis

positive is a diagnostic indicator of colorectal cancer

detects activated neutrophils in stool specimen

used to detect white blood cells in stool specimen

used to detect red blood cells in stool specimen

maximum amount of time a urine specimen can be left at room temperature before major changes begin to take place

chemicals that are increased in urine stasis

chemicals that do not change in urine stasis

chemicals that are decreased in urine stasis

requires two filters: below condenser and analyzer between objective and eyepiece; splits into two beams when passing through; identifies birefringent substances such as crystals, fibers, bones, or minerals

crystals present in pseudogout;

crystals present in gout

perpendicular in polarizing microscopy

parallel in polarizing microscopy

preferred method of specimen collection

collection method used for bacterial cultures in order to reduce normal flora

amount of nephrons per kidney

the functional unit of the kidney

location of plasma filtration

amount of urine excreted per day

location of final concentration of urine decided

tool used to measure specific gravity

normal specific gravity of urine

normal pH of urine

affected by solute number not size or weight; determined in distal and collecting tubules when ADH is present; more accurate

responsible for most reabsorption

tubular portion of nephron immediately following and continuous with the proximal tubule located in the renal medulla

reabsorption and secretion of small molecules takes place; reabsorption of water to concentrate urine

reabsorption of essential nutrients and water

located within the glomerulus

absence of urine

significant decrease less than 400mL per day

a significant amount of urine greater than 3L per day

three most prevalent solutes

gives urine its characteristic yellow color

condition leading to sweet or fruity odor of urine

gives urine brick dust appearance

urine specific gravity is fixed at 1.010

specific gravity of distilled water

specific gravity of sodium chloride

chemical reaction of ketone reagent pad

conditions in which ketones are found in urine

detects bilirubin

detects protein

detects ketones

detects sugars and reducing substances

high amounts can interfere and cause false positives

protein the reagent strip pad is most sensitive to

chemical reaction to detect blood

azurophilic granules of leukocytes form and couple with diazonium salt

forms diazonium salt which couples with compound in pad to produce azo dye; color change white to pink

double sequential; oxidizes glucose to form hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid; peroxidase oxidizes chromogen in pad resulting in color change; specific for glucose

diazo reaction; diazonium salt in pad to form azo brown

most common cast

where casts are formed

factors that contribute to crystal formation

coffin lid crystal

RBCs in hypotonic (dilute) urine

WBCs in hypotonic urine

WBCs in hypertonic urine

RBCs in hypertonic (concentrated) urine

dumbbells

clear, thin parallelogram plates with notched corners

concentrated urine

dilute urine

present in acidic urine; no clinical significance; dusting

salts; yellow-brown balls or spheres

rhombic, diamond, or cube, barrel, or rosettes

color-less to light-yellow slender, pencil-like prisms

most frequently observed crystals in human urine

ethylene glycol or ascorbic acid; envelopes

alkaline urine; precipitate dusting

thorny apple appearance; seen after storage or in fresh renal tubular damage urine

tiny-colorless granular crystals in pairs or tetrads

small clusters of fine needles

colorless hexagonal plates uneven sides; acidic urine

casts commonly seen with increased leukocytes and bacteria

leukocytes and bacteria present in urine without casts

associated with nephrotic syndrome

sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate; high mortality

progressive loss of renal function; hypertrophy of remaining healthy nephron

associated with musty urine

polyuria associated with decreased ADH

screened for in newborns and tested with reducing substances tablet test

caramelized sugar odor of urine; mental impairment and spasticity in infants

insulin dependent diabetes; polyuria, ketonuria, and rapid weight loss

non insulin dependent diabetes; pancreas has decreased or insufficient insulin synthesis

hereditary defect of heme synthesis pathway; turns urine reddish; increased porphyrins and porphyrin precursors

oligoclonal bands present in CSF but absent in serum

CSF to IgG index indicated acceptable blood brain barrier

used to assess permeability of blood brain barrier

white blood cells normal in small amounts in CSF

located of CSF

body fluids that are cloudy, various colors, can form clots

excess of fluid

performed to get rid of excess bodily fluid

CSF#1

CSF#2

CSF#3

look for bacteria and fungi

for Cryptococcus neoformans

for TB meningitis

for ameba Naegleria fowleri

to detect bacterial cause

to assist in identifying bacterial and fungal antigens in CSF