Exercise 10: The Axial Skeleton
Forehead bone
Frontal
Cheekbone
Zygomatic
Lower jaw bone
Mandible
Bridge of nose
Nasals
Posterior part of hard plate
Palatines
Much of the lateral and superior cranium
Parietals
Most posterior part of cranium
Occipital
Single, irregular, bat- shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor
Sphenoid
Tiny bones, bearing tear ducts
Lacrimals
Anterior part of hard plate
Maxillae
Superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projections
Ethmoid
Site of mastoid process
Temporals
Site of sella turcica
Sphenoid
Site of cribriform plate
Ethmoid
Site of mental foremen
Mandible
Site of styloid process
Temporals
Four bones, containing paranasal sinuses
Ethmoid, Frontal, Maxillae, Sphenoid
condyles articulate with the atlas
Occipital
Foramen magnum contained here
Occipital
small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach
hyoid
Middle ear found here
Temporals
Nasal septum
Vomer
Bears an upward protrusion, the " cock's comb", or crista galli
Ethmoid
contain alveoli bearing teeth
mandible, maxilla
All but one of the bones of the skull are joined by interlocking joints.
Define suture
With the exception of 2 paired bones (the parietal and temporal), are all single bones.
With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception.
connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone
What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture?
temporal and parietal bones on each side of the skull.
What bones are connected by the squamous suture?
frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid, ethmoid
Name the eight bones composing the cranium.
They lighten the facial bones and act as resonance chambers for speech.
Give two possible functions of the sinuses:
Eye Socket
What is the orbit?
Frontal bone, maxilla, lacrimal, ethnoid, sphenoid, palatine, zygomatic.
What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?
Since it is in contact with all of the other cranial bones.
Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor?
vertebral type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain
cervical vertebra - typical
dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)
axis
transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs, spinous process pointing sharply downward
thoracic vertebra
composite bone, articulates with the hip bone laterally
sacrum
massive vertebrae, weight sustaining
lumbar vertebra
"tail bone:; vestigial fused vertebrae
coccyx
supports the head; allows a rocking motion in the conjunction with the occipital condyles
atlas
cavity enclosing the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
weight bearing portion of the vertebra
body
provide levers against which muscles pull
spinous process & transverse process
provides an articulation point for the ribs
body & transverse process
openings providing for exit of spinal nerves
intervertebral foramina
structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord
body & vertebral arch
A. INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA
B. LAMINA
C. PEDICLE
D. SPINOUS PROCESS
E. TRANSVERSE PROCESS
F. SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACET
G. VERTEBRAL FORAMEN
H. BODY
Spinal nerves ( motor axons) exit the vertebral column via the ventral root (where they synapse on motor neuron ganglia ) then the ventral horn. Sensory nerves enter the spinal cord via the dorsal horn, synapse on the dorsal ganglia and enter the spinal cord.
Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column.
discs and the S-shaped of the vertebral column prevent shock to the head in walking and running and provide flexibility to the body trunk
name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column
fibrocartilage
What kind of tissue compose the intervertebral discs?
a disc in which the nucleus puposus herniates through the annulus;
the nucleus pulposus compresses on the spinal cord leading to pain/possible paralysis
What is a herniated disc? What problems might it cause?
The two primary curvatures that we're born with are the concave forward curvatures in the thoracic and sacral spines.
Which two spinal curvatures are observed at birth?
The "secondary" curvatures, the compensatory curvatures, occur with normal development. (Normal development is the condition under which they occur) These are the cervical curvature, which develops first with infant head lifting and the lumbar curvature, which develops next sitting up. These curvatures prepare the spine for ambulation.
Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?
A. ATLAS
B. AXIS
C. VERTEBRA PROMINENS
D. TWO THORACIC VERTEBRAE
E. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC
A. TWO LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
B. SACRUM
ribs and sternum
The major bony components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the ___________ and the _______________.
a true rib is attached to cartilage that directly articulates with the sternum
Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib.
A free floating rib is neither a true or false rib. Ribs 1-7 are considered "true" ribs because they are directly attached to the sternum by individual coastal cartilages. Ribs 8-10 are considered "false" ribs because they are indirectly attached to the sternum by a common coastal cartilage. Ribs 11 and 12 are considered "free floating" because they are neither directly or indirectly attached to the sternum. Instead, they end in posterior abdominal musculature. They are still capped with cartilage though
Is a floating rib a true or false rib?
cone-shaped
What is the general shape of the thoracic cage?
A. COSTAL CARTILAGE
B. TRUE RIBS
C. XIPHISTERNAL JOINT
D. FALSE RIBS
E. FLOATING RIBS
A. JUGULAR NOTCH
B. CLAVICULAR NOTCH
C. STERNAL ANGLE
D. MANUBRIUM
E. STERNUM
F. BODY
G. XIPHOID PROCESS