Exercise 24: Special Senses: Vision
PRODUCT:
DILUTE SALT SOLUTION (TEARS) LYSOZYME-ANTIBACTERIAL ENZYME
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES:
LACRIMAL APPARATUS - GLAND
PRODUCT:
WHITISH OILY SECRETION
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES:
LACRIMAL CARUNCLE
PRODUCT:
MUCUS, AIDS IN LUBRICATION OF EYE
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES:
CONJUNCTIVA
PRODUCT:
MODIFIED SWEAT GLANDS - AID IN LUBRICATION OF EYE
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES:
CILIARY GLANDS
PRODUCT:
SECRETES AN OILY SUBSTANCE
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES:
TARSAL GLANDS
ADIPOSE TISSUE PROTECTS THE EYEBALL FROM OUTER ENVIRONMENTS AND WORKS AS CUSHION FOR EYEBALL.
THE EYEBALL IS WRAPPED IN ADIPOSE TISSUE WITHIN THE ORBIT. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ADIPOSE TISSUE?
SOME PERCENT OF YOUR TEARS IS RELEASED INTO THE NASOLACRIMAL DUCT, THEN SENT TO THE NASAL CAVITY. THIS MAKES YOUR NOSE SECRETE FLUIDS THAT MAKES YOU HAVE TO BLOW YOUR NOSE.
WHY DOES ONE OFTEN HAVE TO BLOW ONES NOSE AFTER CRYING?
LATERAL RECTUS
TURNS THE EYE LATERALLY
MEDIAL RECTUS
TURNS THE EYE MEDIALLY
INFERIOR OBLIQUE
TURNS THE EYE UP AND LATERALLY
INFERIOR RECTUS
TURNS THE EYE INFERIORLY AND MEDIALLY
SUPERIOR RECTUS
TURNS THE EYE SUPERIORLY AND MEDIALLY
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
THE THE EYE DOWN AND LATERALLY
AN INFLAMMATION OF ONE OF THE CILIARY GLANDS OR A SMALL OIL GLAND IS A STY.
WHAT IS A STY?
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INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
WHAT IS CONJUNCTIVITIS?
A. CORNEA
B. LENS
C. ANTERIOR CHAMBER
D. SCLERAL VENOUS SINUS
E. CILIARY MUSCLE
F. CHOROID
(A - F)
G. POSTERIOR CHAMBER
H. SCLERA
I. RETINA
J. DURA MATER
K. OPTIC NERVE
L. ANTERIOR SEGMENT
M. SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS (CILIARY ZONULE)
N. POSTERIOR SEGMENT
(G - N)
O. IRIS
P. CILIARY BODY AND PROCESSES
Q. FOVEA CENTRALIS
R. OPTIC DISC
S. PHOTORECEPTORS
T. BIPOLAR NEURONS
U. GANGLION CELLS
(O - U)
DILATOR PUPILLAE
THE IRIS IS COMPOSED PRIMARILY OF TWO SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS, ONE ARRANGED RADIALLY AND THE OTHER CIRCULARLY. WHICH OF THESE DILATES THE PUPIL?
IN DIM LIGHT; OBSERVING DISTANT OBJECTS
YOU WOULD EXPECT THE PUPIL TO BE DILATED IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE INTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES ARE CONTROLLED BY?
AQUEOUS HUMOR
FLUID FILLING THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
SCLERA
THE "WHITE" OF THE EYE
OPTIC DISC
PART OF THE RETINA THAT LACKS PHOTORECEPTORS
CILIARY BODY
MODIFICATION OF THE CHOROID THAT CONTROLS THE SHAPE OF THE CRYSTALLINE LENS AND CONTAINS THE CILIARY MUSCLE
SCLERAL VENOUS SINUS
DRAINS THE AQUEOUS HUMOR FROM THE EYE
RETINA
LAYER CONTAINING THE RODS AND CONES
VITROUS HUMOR
SUBSTANCE OCCUPYING THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYEBALL
CHOROID
FORMS THE BULK OF THE HEAVILY PIGMENTED VASCULAR LAYER
CILIARY BODY; IRIS
SMOOTH MUSCLE STRUCTURES (2)
FOVEA CENTRALIS
AREA OF CRITICAL FOCUSING AND DISCRIMINATORY VISION
CILIARY PROCESSES OF THE CILIARY BODY
FORM (BY FILTRATION) THE AQUEOUS HUMOR
AQUEOUS HUMOR, CORNEA, LENS, VITREOUS HUMOR
LIGHT-BENDING MEDIA OF THE EYE (4)
CORNEA
ANTERIOR CONTINUATION OF THE SCLERA - YOUR "WINDOW ON THE WORLD"
SCLERA
COMPOSED OF TOUGH, WHITE, OPAQUE, FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
PHOTORECEPTORS, BIPOLAR CELLS, GANGLION CELLS
THE TWO MAJOR LAYERS OF THE RETINA ARE THE EPITHELIAL AND NEURAL LAYERS. IN THE NEURAL LAYER, THE NEURON POPULATIONS ARE ARRANGED AS FOLLOWS FROM THE PIGMENTED EPITHELIAL LAYER TO THE VITREOUS HUMOR.
GANGLION
THE AXONS OF THE _____ CELLS FORM THE OPTIC NERVE, WHICH EXITS FROM THE EYEBALL.
1. RODS
2. CONES
3. RODS
4. CONES
THE DIM LIGHT RECEPTORS ARE THE ___1__. ONLY ___2__ ARE FOUND IN THE FOVEA CENTRALIS, WHEREAS MOSTLY ___3___ ARE FOUND IN THE PERIPHERY OF THE RETINA. ____4___ ARE THE PHOTORECEPTORS THAT OPERATE BEST IN BRIGHT LIGHT AND ALLOW FOR COLOR VISION.
TAPETUM LUCIDUM
WHAT MODIFICATION OF THE CHOROID THAT IS NOT PRESENT IN HUMANS IS FOUND IN THE COW EYE?
THE REFLECT LIGHT ONTO THE RETINA. HELPS WITH THE CONDITIONS OF LOW-INTENSITY LIGHT.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE TAPETUM LUCIDUM?
DELICATE WHITE MEMBRANE OVERLYING THE DARKLY PIGMENTED CHOROID COAT.
WHAT DOES THE RETINA LOOK LIKE?
OPTIC DISC
AT WHAT POINT IS IT (RETINA) ATTACHED TO THE POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE EYEBALL?
RIGHT OPTIC NERVE
NORMAL VISION IN LEFT EYE VISUAL FIELD; ABSENCE OF VISION IN RIGHT EYE VISUAL FIELD
RIGHT OPTIC TRACT
NORMAL VISION IN BOTH EYES FOR RIGHT HALF OF THE VISUAL FIELD; ABSENCE OF VISION IN BOTH EYES FOR LEFT HALF OF THE VISUAL FIELD
THE RIGHT OPTIC NERVE LEAVES THE RIGHT SIDE POSTERIOR TO THE EYE. HOWEVER, THE RIGHT OPTIC TRACT AFTER IS PAST THE OPTIC CHIASMA CROSSED TO THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BRAIN. THEY ARE ON COMPLETE OPPOSITE SIDES.
HOW IS THE RIGHT OPTIC TRACT ANATOMICALLY DIFFERENT FROM THE RIGHT OPTIC NERVE?
REFRACTION
LIGHT BENDING
ACCOMMODATION
ABILITY TO FOCUS FOR CLOSE (LESS THAN 20 FT) VISION
EMMETROPIA
NORMAL VISION
HYPEROPIA
INABILITY TO FOCUS WELL ON CLOSE OBJECTS (FARSIGHTEDNESS)
MYOPIA
NEARSIGHTEDNESS
ASTIGMATISM
BLURRED VISION DUE TO UNEQUAL CURVATURES OF THE LENDS OR CORNEA
CONVERGENCE
MEDIAL MOVEMENT OF THE EYES DURING FOCUSING ON CLOSE OBJECTS
1. BEHIND
2. CONCAVE
3. FLEXIBILITY
4. REAL
IN FARSIGHTEDNESS, THE LIGHT IS FOCUSED __1__ THE RETINA. THE LENS REQUIRED TO TREAT MYOPIA IS A __2__ LENS. THE "NEAR POINT" INCREASES WITH AGE BECAUSE THE __3__ OF THE LENDS DECREASES AS WE GET OLDER. a CONVEX LENS, LIKE THAT OF THE EYE, PRODUCES AN IMAGE THAT IS UPSIDE DOWN AND REVERSED FROM LEFT TO RIGHT. SUCH AN IMAGE IS CALLED A __4__ IMAGE.
1. RELAXED
2. TAUT
3. DECREASED
4. DECREASED
5. CONTRACTED
6. RELAXED
7. INCREASED
8. INCREASED
DURING DISTANCE VISION, THE CILIARY MUSCLE IS __1__, THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT IS __2__, THE CONVEXITY OF THE LENDS IS __3__, AND LIGHT REFRACTION IS __4__. DURING CLOSE VISION, THE CILIARY MUSCLE IS __5__, THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT IS __6__, LENS CONVEXITY IS __7__, AND LIGHT REFRACTION IS __8__.
HAS NO PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS AND DOES NOT RESPOND TO LIGHT.
EXPLAIN WHY VISION IS LOST WHEN LIGHT HITS THE BLIND SPOT.
NORMAL; I CAN SEE AT 20 FT WHAT A PERSON WITH NORMAL VISION CAN SEE AT 20 FT.
USING THE SNELLEN EYE TEST:
IS YOUR VISUAL ACUITY NORMAL, LESS THEN NORMAL, OR BETTER THEN NORMAL. EXPLAIN
BECAUSE BOTH EYES COULD HAVE DIFFERENT VISION, COMPAIRED THE OTHER VISION IS NOT THE SAME.
EXPLAIN WHY EACH EYE IS TESTED SEPARATELY WHEN USING THE SNELLEN EYE CHART?
PERSON CAN SEE AT 20 FT WHAT A PERSON WITH NORMAL VISION CAN SEE AT 40 FT. LESS THEN NORMAL VISION
EXPLAIN 20/40
PERSON CAN SEE AT 20 FT WHAT A PERSON WITH NORMAL VISION CAN SEE AT 10 FT. BETTER THEN NORMAL VISION.
EXPLAIN 20/10
IS A TYPE OF REFRECTIVE ERROR THAT AFFECTS THE QUALITY OF FOCUS. IF CORNEA/LENS IS NOT UNIFORMLY CURVED, LIGHT RAYS DONT FOCUS AT A SINGLE POINT. BUT FALL AS A BLURRED CIRCLE.
DEFINE ASTIGMATISM
BY GLASSES FORMED WITH THE OPPOSITE CURVATURE GRADATION.
HOW CAN IT BE CORRECTED (ASTIGMATISM)
NORMAL, PRESENTLY UNAVOIDABLE DEGENERATION OF THE ACCOMMODATION POWER OF THE EYE ASSOCIATED WITH AGING.
DEFINE PRESBYOPIA
OCCURS BECAUSE THE LENS BECOMES SCLEROTIC AND LESS FLEXIBLE.
WHAT CAUSES IT? (PRESBYOPIA)
BLUE PIGMENTS - 430 NM
GREEN PIGMENTS - 530 NM
RED PIGMENTS - 560 NM
TO WHICH WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT DO THE THREE CONE TYPES OF THE RETINA RESPOND MAXIMALLY?
INTERPRETATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE COLORS OF THE VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTRUM IS A RESULT OF OVERLAPPING INPUT FROM MORE THAN ONE CONE TYPE.
HOW CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE FACT THAT WE SEE A GREAT RANGE OF COLORS EVEN THOUGH ONLY THREE CONE TYPES EXIST?
WITH BINOCULAR VISION, THERE IS A CONSIDERABLE OVERLAP BETWEEN THE VISUAL FIELDS OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT EYE. UNLIKE BINOCULAR VISION, WITH PANORAMIC VISION THE LEFT AND RIGHT EYES SEE IN TWO DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS RESULTING IN A PANORAMIC FIELD OF VIEW.
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BINOCULAR AND PANORAMIC VISION.
PROVIDES 3-DIMENSIONAL VISION, AND AND ACCURATE MEANS OF LOCATING OBJECTS IN SPACE, THIS IS KNOWN AS DEPTH PERCEPTION.
WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF BINOCULAR VISION?
THE FACT THAT THE EYES ARE IN THE FRONT OF THE HEAD AND THE ABILITY OF VISUAL CORTEX TO RESOLVE TWO DIFFERENT VIEWS INTO A SINGLE IMAGE.
WHAT FACTOR(S) ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR BINOCULAR VISION?
MEDIAL EYE MOVEMENTS, BOTH EYES ARE DIRECTED TOWARD THE NEAR OBJECT VIEWED.
IN THE EXPERIMENT ON THE CONVERGENCE REFLEX, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE POSITION OF THE EYEBALLS AS THE OBJECT WAS MOVED CLOSER TO THE SUBJECT'S EYES?
MEDIAL, SUPERIOR, AND INFERIOR RECTUS MUSCLES CONTROL THE MOVEMENT OF THE EYE DURING THE CONVERGENCE REFLEX
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES CONTROL THE MOVEMENT OF THE EYES DURING THE CONVERGENCE REFLEX?
HELPS MAINTAIN AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR KEEPING THE EYES ALIGNED AND FOCUSED ON AN OBJECT
WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THIS REFLEX? (CONVERGENCE)
TO PROTECT AND TO KEEP YOU AWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS
WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE CONVERGENCE REFLEX?
IT CONSTRICTED; BECAUSE LIGHT IS BEING EXPOSED TO THE RETINA THE PUPIL WILL CONSTRICT AS A PROTECTIVE RESPONSE TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS.
IN THE EXPERIMENT ON THE PHOTOPUPILLARY REFLEX, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE PUPIL OF THE EYE EXPOSED TO LIGHT? EXPLAIN
IT DILATED; PUPILS WILL STAY DILATED IN LOW LIGHT BECAUSE THERE IS NO NEED TO BE PROTECTIVE.
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE PUPIL OF THE NONILLUMINATED EYE? EXPLAIN
TO DETERMINE VISUALLY THE CONDITION OF THE RETINA, OPTIC DISC, AND INTERNAL BLOOD VESSELS. CAN DETERMINE IF A PERSON HAS PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OR DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN OPTIC NERVE OR RETINA.
WHY IS THE OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION AN IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC TOOL?
WHEN LOOKING AT NEAR OBJECTS YOUR EYES CONSTANTLY NEED TO CONVERGE AND ACCOMODATE. USING THESE MUSCLES CONSTANTLY WILL CAUSE STRAIN. HOWEVER LOOKING AT FAR OBJECTS THE EYES DONT NEED TO CONVERGE AND ACCOMODATE SO YOU DONT USE THESE MUSCLES MAKING LESS STRAIN ON THE EYE.
MANY COLLEGE STUDENTS STRUGGLING THROUGH MOUNTAINOUS READING ASSIGNMENTS ARE TOLD THAT THEY NEED GLASSES FOR "EYESTRAIN." WHY IS IT MORE OF A STRAIN ON THE EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES TO LOOK AT CLOSE OBJECTS THAN AT FAR OBJECTS?