Chapter 9, 13, 14
to improve the organism
What is the ultimate goal of recombinant DNA
restriction enzyme
What cuts DNA at specific sequences
to allow for a site in the plasmid for the donor DNA to attach
Why must the recipient plasmid be cut with the same restriction enzyme
They cut DNA at sites called recognition sites that have specific nucleotide sequences
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences
to insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene
In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene
DNA ligase
What attached the target gene to a desired location
it can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein
Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell
bacterial enzymes that destroy phage DNA
restriction enzymes are
clone
a population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a
True
In recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome
shuttle vector
A plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms, such as bacterial, fungal and plant cells
restriction enzymes
These are important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
PCR
rapidly increases the number of copies of a piece of DNA
PCR
sequencing DNA, making copies of a gene to put into another organism, identifying traits that may lead to a genetic disorder
These are all examples of
PCR
sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism.
these are all examples of
vector
self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another
restriction fragment
a segment of DNA
to quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence
what is the end goal of PCR
polymerase chain reaction
PCR stands for
PCR
sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism
at DNA sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences
to insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene
In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene
DNA ligase
What attached a target gene to a desired location
It can be copied, transcribed and translated into a desired protein
Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell
mRNA----cDNA
the reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase
pectinase
not an agricultural product made by DNA techniques
inserting the Ti plasmid into Agrobacterium
if you have inserted a gene in the Ti plasmid, the next step in genetic engineering is
biotechnology
use of microorganisms to make desired products, the use of animal cells to make vaccines, and the development of disease resistant crop plants
all of the DNA fragments will have single stranded regions ending in G
the restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes sequence GAATTC. What is true of DNA after it is treated with EcoRI
BamHI GGATCC
CCCTAGG
which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA:
GCATGGATCCCAATGC
clone
a population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a
vector
self replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another
determining the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome
the Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003, was focused on
132
place the following steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order.
1- incubate at 94 to denature DNA strands
2-incubate at 72 for DNA synthesis
3- incubate at 60 for primer hybridization
312
132
321
123
213
RNA interference
what is used to silence specific genes and hold promise for treating cancer or viral disease such as hepatitis b
microinjection
what technique is not used to introduce recombinant DNA into plants
Thermus aquaticus
a source of heat stable DNA polymerase
making a double stranded RNA
gene silencing blocks an undesirable product by
PCR
to determine where a person has a certain gene a process is involved using a primer and a heat stable DNA polymerase
direct selection possible
the use of an antibiotic resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes
prevent the growth of the modified organisms in the environment
the use of suicide genes in genetically modified organisms is designed to
a segment of DNA
a restriction fragment
translation
what is not involved in making cDNA
bacterial enzymes that destroy phage DNA
restriction enzymes are
metagenomics
the study of genetic material taken directly from the environment is
false
the term biotechnology refers exclusively to the use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of desired products
true
in recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome
false
the practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits is called natural selection
true
a shuttle vector is a plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms
false
nearly all cells naturally take up DNA from their surroundings without chemical treatment
true
one of the first commercial success of recombinant DNA technology was the production of human insulin using genetically engineered e coli
true
bioinformatics is the use of computer technology to compare and analyze genome sequence
true
the Bt toxin has been introduced into some crop plants to make them resistant to insect destruction
restriction enzymes
important for cloning applications because they can be used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
gene silencing: production of subunit vaccines
unmatched recombinant DNA technique and application
yeast cells are eukaryotic and so would likely be successful in expressing eukaryotic genes
why is bakers yeast useful for expressing genetically engineered genes
has limited application because genes of interest cannot be moved from one type of cell to another.
false statement about recombinant DNA
the host range for a virus is determined by the presence or absence of particular components on the surface of a host cell that are required for the virus to attach
true statement concerning viruses
the prophase in specialized transduction carries with it pieces of the host chromosomal DNA
how does specialized transduction differ from lysogency
the host DNA integrates, with the prophage, into the new recipient chromosome
what happens to the packaged DNA of a specialized transduced phage when it infects a new recipient cell
the prophage takes an antibiotic resistance gene with it and is packaged with the newly synthesized viral DNA
how can a specialized transduction contribute to the transfer of antibiotic resistant genes in bacterial population
during lysogency, the viral genome integrates into the host DNA, becoming a physical part of the chromosome
true statement concerning a lysogenic viral replication cycle
they require a host in order to reproduce
how are virus different from cells
to package and protect the viral genome
what is the function of the structural elements of a virus
their nucleic acids are injected into the cell
how do naked viruses differ from enveloped viruses in their attachment/penetration phase
+RNA viruses
which virus employs the use of an RNA dependent RNA polymerase
retroviruses
which of the following viruses is transcribed from RNA to DNA to RNA during the replication cycle
enveloped viruses
which type of virus would produce viral glycoproteins to be expressed on the host cell membrane
+RNA
what can be directly used a messenger RNA
attachment
which step of viral replication are antibodies directly preventing
release
in which step does the virus acquire an envelop
the capsid breaks apart, releasing the viral genome
what occurs during viral uncoating
virus are not composed of cells
how do all viruses differ from bacteria
viruses use their own catabolic enzymes
false statement about viruses
false
viruses are the only know infectious agents that are obligatory intracellular parasites
biochemical tests
what is not used as a criterion to classify viruses
false
glycoprotein spikes are found on the capsids of all viruses
hepadvaviridae and retroviridae
viruses that utilize reverse transcriptase belong to the virus families
hepadnaviridae
DNA made from an RNA template will be incorporated into the virus capsid of
culture media
not utilized to culture viruses
biosynthesis
bacteriophages and animal viruses do not differ significantly in this step
lysogency
phage DNA in incorporated into host cell DNA
immunity to reinfection by any phage
lysogency can result in all the following except
synthesis of double stranded RNA from an RNA template
the first step in the biosynthesis of a virus with a minus strand of RNA
presence of receptor sites on cell membrane
a viruss ability to infect an animal cell depends primarily upon the
budding
the mechanism whereby an enveloped virus leaves a host cell is called
lysozyme
bacteriophages derive all the following from the host cell except
injection of naked nucleic acid into the host cell
bacteriophage replication differs from animal virus replication because only bacteriophage replication involves
DNA polymerase
generally in an infection caused by a DNA containing virus, the host animal cell supplies all of the following except
uncoating
the third step in multiplication of herpesviruses
synthesis of double stranded DNA
the fourth step in multiplication of retroviruses
synthesis of - strand of RNA
the third step of a + strand RNA virus
cancer following injection of cell free filtrates
the most conclusive evident that viruses cause cancers is provided by
cause tumors to develop
oncogenic viruses
PrPsc
what is necessary for replication of a prion
prion
an infectious protein
coronavirus
which virus is not associated with cancer
pathology
the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease
e coli within the large intestine
example of a symbiotic relation known as a mutualism
where and when a disease occurs and how it is transmitted
epidemiology is defined as the study of
to learn how to treat and prevent various diseases
role of epidemiology
the period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers
a true statement about the development of infectious disease
increased susceptibility to disease
one effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. this can result in
may also be an opportunistic pathogen
a commensal bacterium
a least one member must benefit
a true statement about symbiotic relationship
are present for a relatively short time
transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota
septicemia
Kock observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. what is this condition called
incubation and convalescence
a pattern of disease where the patient is not experiencing any signs or symptoms
botulism
what disease is not spread by droplet infection
involves specific diseases
biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission
hypodermic needle
an example of a fomite
indirect contact transmission
a cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of which form of disease transmission
fomite
a needlestick is an example of a
acquired during the course of hospitalization
a nosocomial infection is
nosocomial infection
pseudomonas bacterial colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. this is an example of
epidemiology
the science that deals with when disease occur and how they are transmitted is called
true
for a particular disease at a specific time period, morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates
false
diseases that are referred to as EID have only been discovered in the past fifty years
false
compromised hosts are always suffering from suppressed immune systems
false
reservoirs of infections are always animate objects
true
both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens