Exercise 42: Anatomy of the Reproductive System

1. LIST THE TWO PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF THE TESTIS.
   1. PRODUCE SPERM
   2. PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE
2. 
   
3. A COMMON PART OF ANY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MALE IS PALPATION OF THE PROSTATE. HOW IS THIS ACCOMPLISHED? (THINK!)
   PHYSICIAN GENTLY INSERTS FINGER THROUGH THE ANTERIOR WALL OF THE RECTUM.
4. HOW MIGHT ENLARGEMENT OF THE PROSTATE INTERFERE WITH URINATION OR THE REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY OF THE MALE?
   AT IT ENLARGES, LAYERS OF TISSUE SURROUNDING IT STOPS IT FROM EXPANDING CAUSING THE GLAND TO PRESS AGAINST THE URETHRA. THIS CONSTRICTION OF THE URETHRA MAY LEAD TO NON PASSAGE OF URINE OR SPERM.
5. WHY ARE THE TESTES LOCATED IN THE SCROTUM RATHER THAN INSIDE THE VENTRAL BODY CAVITY.
   THE SCROTUM PROVIDES A SLIGHTLY COOLER TEMPERATURE FOR OPTIMAL SPERM PRODUCTION.
6. COPULATORY ORGAN/PENETRATING DEVICE
   E. PENIS
7. MUSCULAR PASSAGEWAY CONVEYING SPERM TO THE EJACULATORY DUCT; IN THE SPERMATIC CORD
   B. DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS
8. TRANSPORTS BOTH SPERM AND URINE
   K. SPONGY URETHRA
9. SPERM MATURATION SITE
   C. EPIDIDYMIS
10. LOCATION OF THE TESTIS IN ADULT MALES
    I. SCROTUM
11. LOOSE FOLD OF SKIN ENCIRCLING THE GLANS PENIS
    F. PREPUCE
12. PORTION OF THE URETHRA BETWEEN THE PROSTATE AND THE PENIS
    D. MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
13. EMPTIES A SECRETION INTO THE PROSTATIC URETHRA
    G. PROSTATE
14. EMPTIES A SECRETION INTO THE MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
    A. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
15. DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION OF SEMEN, AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES CONTRIBUTING TO ITS FORMATION.
    SPERM AND THE ALKALINE SECRETIONS OF THE PROSTATE, SEMINAL VESICLES (ALSO CONTAINING FRUCTOSE) AND THE BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS.
16. OF WHAT IMPORTANCE IS THE FACT THAT SEMINAL FLUID IS ALKALINE?
    IT HELPS BUFFER THE SPERM AGAINST THE ACID ENVIRONMENT OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.
17. WHAT STRUCTURES COMPOSE THE SPERMATIC CORD?
    CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH (EXTENSION OF THE ABDOMINAL FASCIA), DUCTUS DEFERENS, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
18. WHERE IS IT LOCATED? (SPERMATIC CORD)
    PASSES FROM SCROTAL SAC THROUGH THE INGUINAL CANAL INTO THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
19. TRACE THE PATHWAY OF SPERM FROM THE TESTS TO THE URETHRA
    SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE -> RETE TESTIS -> EPIDIDYMIS -> DUCTUS DEFERENS
20. NAME THE STRUCTURES COMPOSING THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA, OR VULVA, OF THE FEMALE.
    MONS PUBIS, LABIA MAJORA, LABIA MINORA, CLITORIS, URETHRA AND VEGINAL ORIFICES, HYMEN AND GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS.
21. 
    
22. SITE OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT
    UTERUS
23. COPULATORY CANAL
    VAGINA
24. EGG TYPICALLY FERTILIZED HERE
    UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBE
25. BECOMES ERECT DURING SEXUAL EXCITEMENT
    CLITORIS
26. DUCT EXTENDING SUPEROLATERALLY FROM THE UTERUS
    HYMEN
27. PRODUCES OOCYTES, ESTROGENS, AND PROGESTERONE
    OVARIES
28. FINGERLIKE ENDS OF THE UTERINE TUBE
    FIMBRIAE
29. DO ANY SPERM ENTER THE PELVIC CAVITY OF THE FEMALE? WHY OR WHY NOT?
    YES, BECAUSE THERE IS NO ANATOMIC CONTINUITY BETWEEN THE OVARY AND THE FIRST PART OF THE DUCT SYSTEM (UTERINE TUBE)
30. WHAT IS AN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY, AND HOW CAN IT HAPPEN?
    IT IS WHEN AN EMBRYO IMPLANTS IN A SITE OTHER THEN THE UTERUS. IT MAY OCCUR WHEN THE UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBES ARE BLOCKED (PREVENTS PASSAGE) OR WHEN THE EGG IS LOST IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY AND FERTILIZATION OCCURS THERE.
31. PUT THE FOLLOWING VESTIBULAR PERINEAL STRUCTURES IN THEIR PROPER ORDER FROM THE ANTERIOR TO THE POSTERIOR ASPECT: VAGINAL ORIFICE, ANUS, URETHRAL OPENING, AND CLITORIS.
    ANTERIOR LIMIT: CLITORIS -> URETHRAL OPENING -> ANUS.
32. ASSUME A COUPLE HAS JUST CONSUMMATED THE SEX ACT AND THE SPERM HAVE BEEN DEPOSITED IN THE VAGINA. TRACE THE PATHWAY OF THE SPERM THROUGH THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.
    VAGINA -> CERVIX -> UTERUS -> UTERINE TUBE -> PERITONEAL CAVITY.
33. DEFINE OVULATION.
    EJECTION OF AN IMMATURE EGG (OOCYTE) FROM THE OVARY.
34. THE TESTIS IS DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF LOBES BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE. EACH OF THESE LOBES CONTAINS ONE TO FOUR _____1________, WHICH CONVERGE TO EMPTY SPERM INTO ANOTHER SET OF TUBULES CALLED THE _____2_________.
    1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
    2. RETI TESTIS
35. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CAVERNOUS BODIES SEEN IN THE PENIS?
    THE TISSUE CAN BECOME ENGORGED WITH BLOOD, THIS MAKING THE PENIS STIFF AND MORE EFFECTIVE AS A PENETRATING DEVICE.
36. NAME THE THREE LAYERS OF THE UTERINE WALL FROM THE INSIDE OUT.
    ENDOMETRIUM, MYOMETRIUM, PERIMETRIUM (SEROSA)
37. WHICH OF THESE IS SLOUGHED DURING MENSES?
    ENDOMETRIUM
38. WHICH CONTRACTS DURING CHILDBIRTH?
    MYOMETRIUM
39. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE STEREOCILIA EXHIBITED BY THE EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE MUCOUS OF THE EPIDIDYMIS?
    TO ABSORB EXCESS FLUID AND PROVIDE NUTRIENTS TO THE MATURING SPERM.
40. 
    
41. GLANDS THAT PRODUCE MILK DURING LACTATION
    A. ALVEOLI
42. SUBDIVISION OF MAMMARY LOBES THAT CONTAIN ALVEOLI
    E. LOBULE
43. ENLARGED STORAGE CHAMBERS FOR MILK
    D. LACTIFEROUS SINUS
44. DUCTS CONNECTING ALVEOLI TO THE STORAGE CHAMBERS
    C. LACTIFEROUS DUCT
45. PIGMENTED AREA SURROUNDING THE NIPPLE
    B. AREOLA
46. RELEASES MILK TO THE OUTSIDE
    F. NIPPLE
47.