front 1 Which of the following statements about sperm is not true? | back 1 The sperm midpiece consists of mitochondria spiraled tightly around the contractile filaments of the tail. |
front 2 The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus? | back 2 chorion |
front 3 Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum? | back 3 labia majora |
front 4 Erection of the penis results from ________. | back 4 a parasympathetic reflex |
front 5 The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following? | back 5 corpus spongiosum |
front 6 Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH? | back 6 inhibin |
front 7 Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? | back 7 regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion |
front 8 All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________. | back 8 FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium |
front 9 A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________. | back 9 be unable to produce viable sperm |
front 10 How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth? | back 10 They move away from the pelvic cavity. |
front 11 Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? | back 11 The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system. |
front 12 Hormones concerned with events of lactation include ________. | back 12 oxytocin |
front 13 The genital tubercle forms into which part of the external genitalia in male and females? | back 13 Penis of the male; clitoris of the female |
front 14 Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur? | back 14 LH |
front 15 Select the correct statement about male sexual response. | back 15 Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood. |
front 16 Which hormone is not produced by the placenta? | back 16 inhibin |
front 17 Normally menstruation occurs when ________. | back 17 blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease |
front 18 Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes? | back 18 Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced. |
front 19 The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play? | back 19 They regulate the temperature of the testes. |
front 20 Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. | back 20 High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release. |
front 21 A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________. | back 21 decreased testosterone secretion |
front 22 Select the correct statement about testosterone control. | back 22 GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary. |
front 23 Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum? | back 23 human chorionic gonadotropin |
front 24 Which of the following will occur after ovulation? | back 24 The endometrium enters its secretory phase. |
front 25 How long is the egg viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated? | back 25 12-24 hours |
front 26 At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled? | back 26 placental |
front 27 Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? | back 27 regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion |
front 28 The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________. | back 28 undescended testes |
front 29 If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain? | back 29 twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur |
front 30 During the expulsion stage of labor, which is NOT TRUE of a delivery in the breech position? | back 30 The skull dilates the cervix |
front 31 The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________. | back 31 peristaltic contractions |
front 32 The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________. | back 32 interstitial endocrine cells |
front 33 Fertilization generally occurs in the ________. | back 33 fallopian tubes |
front 34 Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true? | back 34 Each spermatid forms two sperm. |
front 35 The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of ________. | back 35 the bulbospongiosus muscles |
front 36 The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________. | back 36 gastrulation |
front 37 Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins? | back 37 GnRH |
front 38 A surge in _________ triggers the completion of meiosis II to produce one ovum and one polar body. | back 38 Calcium |
front 39 It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ________. | back 39 they undergo capacitation |
front 40 Shortly after implantation ________. | back 40 the trophoblast forms two distinct layers |
front 41 The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________. | back 41 placental tissue |
front 42 Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score? | back 42 temperature |
front 43 During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________. | back 43 progesterone levels are at their highest |
front 44 Which of the following statements about sperm is not true? | back 44 The sperm midpiece consists of mitochondria spiraled tightly around the contractile filaments of the tail. |
front 45 Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle? | back 45 corpus luteum |
front 46 Which of the following is not a germ layer? | back 46 epiderm |
front 47 The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of ________. | back 47 the bulbospongiosus muscles |
front 48 The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the ________. | back 48 sustentocytes |
front 49 Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers? | back 49 nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol |
front 50 The "master switch" for male reproductive development is ________. | back 50 the SRY gene |
front 51 The primary function of the uterus is to ________. | back 51 receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum |
front 52 Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? | back 52 The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary. |
front 53 Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen? | back 53 the seminal vesicles |
front 54 Select the correct statement about fertilization. | back 54 Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment. |
front 55 What destroys the sperm receptors on the surface of the oocyte? | back 55 zonal inhibiting proteins |
front 56 Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true? | back 56 Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin. |
front 57 Prostate cancer is ________. | back 57 sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient |
front 58 The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________. | back 58 zygote, morula, blastocyst |
front 59 Spermatogenesis ________. | back 59 involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes |
front 60 During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered? | back 60 expulsion stage |
front 61 Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina? | back 61 serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte |
front 62 Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________. | back 62 preparation of the mammary glands for lactation |
front 63 Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone? | back 63 stimulates mammary gland development |
front 64 The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________. | back 64 gastrulation |
front 65 The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________. | back 65 fallopian tubes |
front 66 Effects of estrogen include ________. | back 66 growth of the breasts at puberty |
front 67 Why is the blood-testis barrier important? | back 67 because spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system |
front 68 How long are sperm viable after ejaculation? | back 68 24-48 hours |
front 69 Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation? | back 69 The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes. |
front 70 Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction? | back 70 They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate. |
front 71 Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle. | back 71 Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes? |
front 72 Spermiogenesis involves the ________. | back 72 formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm |
front 73 Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following except ________. | back 73 phagocytosis by the trophoblast cells |
front 74 Which of the choices below occurs if fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place? | back 74 The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions. |
front 75 What percentage of sperm contain a Y chromosome? | back 75 50% |
front 76 Select the correct statement about cardiac output. | back 76 A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. |
front 77 Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. | back 77 causing threshold to be reached more quickly |
front 78 When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________. | back 78 O |
front 79 Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? | back 79 the vessel selected to palpate |
front 80 Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. | back 80 tunica intima |
front 81 When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? | back 81 if the father is Rh- |
front 82 Aldosterone will ________. | back 82 promote an increase in blood pressure |
front 83 The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. | back 83 pumps blood against a greater resistance |
front 84 The slowest step in the clotting process is ________. | back 84 formation of prothrombin activator |
front 85 A foramen ovale ________. | back 85 connects the two atria in the fetal heart |
front 86 What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? | back 86 kidney |
front 87 Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. | back 87 is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist |
front 88 If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. | back 88 the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute |
front 89 The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. | back 89 muscular arteries |
front 90 If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. | back 90 threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase |
front 91 Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders? | back 91 excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
front 92 Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? | back 92 170/96 in a 50-year-old man |
front 93 Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? | back 93 renal regulation |
front 94 Platelets ________. | back 94 stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break |
front 95 Isovolumetric contraction ________. | back 95 refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers |
front 96 Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? | back 96 Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. |
front 97 The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. | back 97 significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius |
front 98 Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________. | back 98 sinusoids |
front 99 Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? | back 99 rapidly falling blood pressure |
front 100 Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? | back 100 the dural sinus reflex |
front 101 Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. | back 101 AV node |
front 102 No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. | back 102 monocytes |
front 103 Which statement best describes arteries? | back 103 All carry blood away from the heart. |
front 104 Select the correct statement about the heart valves. | back 104 The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur. |
front 105 When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. | back 105 noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls |
front 106 What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? | back 106 kidney |
front 107 Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. | back 107 Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. |
front 108 Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? | back 108 Ventricles are in diastole. |
front 109 To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________. | back 109 second intercostal space to the right of the sternum |
front 110 During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. | back 110 some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores |
front 111 The most common type of blood capillary is the ________. | back 111 continuous capillary |
front 112 Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes? | back 112 They are nucleated. |
front 113 The slowest step in the clotting process is ________. | back 113 formation of prothrombin activator |
front 114 The pulse pressure is ________. | back 114 systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure |
front 115 The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. | back 115 angina pectoris |
front 116 Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? | back 116 falling blood volume |
front 117 Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? | back 117 lungs |
front 118 Isovolumetric contraction ________. | back 118 refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers |
front 119 The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. | back 119 shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea |
front 120 Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? | back 120 hypoxia of EPO-producing cells |
front 121 Which of the following is true about veins? | back 121 Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. |
front 122 The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? | back 122 altering blood volume |
front 123 In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________. | back 123 is the same as capillary blood pressure |
front 124 The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is ________. | back 124 albumin |
front 125 Which of the following is a protective function of blood? | back 125 prevention of blood loss |
front 126 Platelets ________. | back 126 stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break |
front 127 Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? | back 127 It branches off of the inferior vena cava. |
front 128 The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? | back 128 isovolumetric relaxation |
front 129 Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? | back 129 fibrinolysis |
front 130 Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? | back 130 Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure. |
front 131 The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________. | back 131 atrial depolarization |
front 132 Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. | back 132 The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. |
front 133 Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? | back 133 hydrostatic and osmotic pressure |
front 134 Which of the following is not a distribution function of blood? | back 134 transport of salts to maintain blood volume |
front 135 The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. | back 135 muscular arteries |
front 136 Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. | back 136 has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium |
front 137 Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? | back 137 hemocytoblast |
front 138 The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. | back 138 arterioles |
front 139 Blood reticulocyte counts provide information regarding ________. | back 139 rate of erythrocyte formation |
front 140 The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? | back 140 changes in arterial pressure |
front 141 Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. | back 141 capillaries |
front 142 Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? | back 142 blood vessel diameter |
front 143 If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. | back 143 threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase |
front 144 Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole? | back 144 pulmonary trunk |
front 145 A foramen ovale ________. | back 145 connects the two atria in the fetal heart |
front 146 Select the correct statement about blood flow. | back 146 Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output. |
front 147 Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. | back 147 causing threshold to be reached more quickly |
front 148 If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. | back 148 decreased delivery of oxygen |
front 149 Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. | back 149 arteriosclerosis |
front 150 The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________. | back 150 pump blood with greater pressure |
front 151 A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________. | back 151 pernicious anemia |
front 152 Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? | back 152 170/96 in a 50-year-old man |
front 153 Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. | back 153 is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist |
front 154 The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________. | back 154 hemoglobin F |
front 155 Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? | back 155 nitric acid |
front 156 Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? | back 156 renal regulation |
front 157 Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? | back 157 vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone |
front 158 Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion? | back 158 blood clotting |
front 159 Thromboembolic disorders ________. | back 159 include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system |
front 160 The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. | back 160 pumps blood against a greater resistance |
front 161 Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart? | back 161 when the ventricle is in systole |
front 162 Select the correct statement about cardiac output. | back 162 A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. |
front 163 Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole? | back 163 both the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
front 164 Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? | back 164 There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma. |
front 165 Which of the following is not a functional characteristic of WBCs? | back 165 granulosis |
front 166 Which of the following would not be a possible cause of sickling of red blood cells in someone with sickle-cell anemia? | back 166 sleeping in a well-ventilated room |
front 167 The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. | back 167 coronary arteries |
front 168 Aldosterone will ________. | back 168 promote an increase in blood pressure |
front 169 Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. | back 169 left atrium |
front 170 Peripheral resistance ________. | back 170 increases as blood viscosity increases |
front 171 Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. | back 171 the dural sinus reflex |
front 172 Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders? | back 172 excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
front 173 Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. | back 173 The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all. |
front 174 The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ________. | back 174 cardiac tamponade |
front 175 During the period of ventricular filling ________. | back 175 blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles |
front 176 Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________. | back 176 packed cells |
front 177 Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? | back 177 right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium |
front 178 Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. | back 178 tunica intima |
front 179 Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________. | back 179 a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output |
front 180 What is the average normal pH range of blood? | back 180 7.35-7.45 |
front 181 Blood is a ________. | back 181 suspension |
front 182 James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________. | back 182 within the normal range |
front 183 Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? | back 183 a local increase in pH |
front 184 Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. | back 184 urinary output |
front 185 Which of the following statements does not describe blood? | back 185 Blood carries body cells to injured areas for repair |
front 186 Which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions? | back 186 mitotically active |
front 187 Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? | back 187 emotional state |
front 188 All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________. | back 188 vascular spasm |
front 189 Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? | back 189 tunica media |
front 190 When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? | back 190 if the father is Rh- |
front 191 Which of the following is true about blood plasma? | back 191 It is about 90% water. |
front 192 If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________. | back 192 tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action |
front 193 An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________. | back 193 receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen |
front 194 When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________. | back 194 O |
front 195 Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? | back 195 closure of the heart valves |
front 196 Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? | back 196 Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. |
front 197 Blood flow to the skin ________. | back 197 increases when environmental temperature rises |
front 198 All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________. | back 198 low blood viscosity |
front 199 Which blood type is generally called the universal donor? | back 199 O |
front 200 If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. | back 200 the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute |
front 201 Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? | back 201 The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. |
front 202 The velocity of blood flow is ________. | back 202 slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest |
front 203 Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? | back 203 Antigens only come from microbes. |
front 204 The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. | back 204 inspiratory reserve |
front 205 In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? | back 205 antigen |
front 206 Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue. | back 206 Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue. |
front 207 Select the correct statement about antigens. | back 207 One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. |
front 208 Immunocompetence ________. | back 208 is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it |
front 209 In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________. | back 209 only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood |
front 210 What is a bubo? | back 210 an infected lymph node |
front 211 Which of the following is not a part of the lymphatic system? | back 211 erythrocytes |
front 212 Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? | back 212 reactivity with an antibody |
front 213 The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. | back 213 diapedesis |
front 214 Fever ________. | back 214 production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting |
front 215 Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? | back 215 rising blood pressure |
front 216 The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. | back 216 vasodilation |
front 217 Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? | back 217 direct cell lysis |
front 218 Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? | back 218 replaces injured tissues with connective tissue |
front 219 Interferons ________. | back 219 interfere with viral replication within cells |
front 220 Respiratory control centers are located in the ________. | back 220 medulla and pons |
front 221 Which of the following is not a type of T cell? | back 221 antigenic |
front 222 Clonal selection of B cells ________. | back 222 results in the formation of plasma cells |
front 223 How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood? | back 223 as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells |
front 224 Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow? | back 224 capillary smooth muscle contraction |
front 225 Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? | back 225 blood pH adjustment |
front 226 The main site of gas exchange is the ________. | back 226 alveoli |
front 227 Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? | back 227 rising blood pressure |
front 228 Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? | back 228 C-shaped cartilage rings |
front 229 Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. | back 229 opsonization |
front 230 Which of the following statements regarding the thymus is not true? | back 230 It has follicles similar to those in the spleen. |
front 231 The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________. | back 231 Boyle's law |
front 232 The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________. | back 232 force with which air rushes across the vocal folds |
front 233 Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? | back 233 red blood cells |
front 234 Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. | back 234 Isografts are between identical twins. |
front 235 The lymphatic capillaries are ________. | back 235 plasma cells |
front 236 Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue? | back 236 A and C |
front 237 Select the correct statement about lymphocytes. | back 237 B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood. |
front 238 The primary immune response ________. | back 238 has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells |
front 239 The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________. | back 239 Dalton's law |
front 240 What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? | back 240 protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses |
front 241 Select the correct statement about lymph transport. | back 241 Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles. |
front 242 With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________. | back 242 decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond |
front 243 The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. | back 243 friction |
front 244 Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer? | back 244 Kaposi's sarcoma |
front 245 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________. | back 245 increase of carbon dioxide |
front 246 Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. | back 246 pressure within the alveoli of the lungs |
front 247 Cytotoxic T cells ________. | back 247 are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells |
front 248 Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? | back 248 the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid |
front 249 Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? | back 249 passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus |
front 250 The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. | back 250 alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes |
front 251 Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________. | back 251 forming crypts that trap bacteria |
front 252 Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? | back 252 helper T cell |
front 253 Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? | back 253 passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus |
front 254 Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? | back 254 composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains |
front 255 Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________. | back 255 tonsil |
front 256 Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? | back 256 attached to the heme part of hemoglobin |
front 257 Helper T cells ________. | back 257 function in the adaptive immune system activation |
front 258 Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. | back 258 interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid |
front 259 B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. | back 259 producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells |
front 260 B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. | back 260 bone marrow |
front 261 Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? | back 261 replaces injured tissues with connective tissue |
front 262 Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura? | back 262 aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs |
front 263 For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________. | back 263 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick |
front 264 Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________. | back 264 lymphocytes |
front 265 T-cell activation requires ________. | back 265 antigen binding and co-stimulation |
front 266 Which of the following does not contain a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue? | back 266 thymus |
front 267 Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure? | back 267 pancreas |
front 268 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. | back 268 diffusion |
front 269 The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. | back 269 secrete surfactant |
front 270 Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________. | back 270 lymph nodes |
front 271 Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? | back 271 They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. |
front 272 The thymus is most active during ________. | back 272 childhood |
front 273 Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? | back 273 partial pressure gradient |
front 274 The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not ________. | back 274 directly fight antigens |
front 275 Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? | back 275 prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
front 276 Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. | back 276 too little oxygen in the atmosphere |
front 277 Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. | back 277 Cytokines |
front 278 Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? | back 278 transporting respiratory gases |
front 279 Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. | back 279 greater than the pressure in the atmosphere |
front 280 The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. | back 280 plasma |
front 281 The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. | back 281 osmosis |
front 282 In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. | back 282 initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins |
front 283 Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________. | back 283 tissue edema |
front 284 The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. | back 284 a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water |
front 285 Chyme is created in the ________. | back 285 stomach |
front 286 If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. | back 286 serosa |
front 287 Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? | back 287 the stretching of the bladder wall |
front 288 A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. | back 288 respiratory acidosis |
front 289 Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? | back 289 eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat |
front 290 Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________. | back 290 secondary active transport |
front 291 The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. | back 291 liver |
front 292 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. | back 292 by a decrease in the blood pressure |
front 293 The macula densa cells respond to ________. | back 293 changes in solute content of the filtrate |
front 294 The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. | back 294 lamina propria |
front 295 Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? | back 295 by secreting sodium ions |
front 296 The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. | back 296 glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) |
front 297 The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? | back 297 sodium ions |
front 298 Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? | back 298 enteroendocrine cells |
front 299 Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? | back 299 ADH |
front 300 Total body water is not a function of which of the following? | back 300 amount of water ingested |
front 301 Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? | back 301 antidiuretic hormone |
front 302 You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? | back 302 amylase |
front 303 Peristaltic waves are ________. | back 303 waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another |
front 304 The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. | back 304 transitional |
front 305 Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? | back 305 aldosterone |
front 306 The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. | back 306 potassium ion concentration in blood plasma |
front 307 Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? | back 307 nucleic acid |
front 308 Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? | back 308 production of intrinsic factor |
front 309 The function of angiotensin II is to ________. | back 309 constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
front 310 The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. | back 310 digestion |
front 311 There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. | back 311 before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought |
front 312 Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? | back 312 cholecystokinin |
front 313 Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. | back 313 a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction |
front 314 The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. | back 314 is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces |
front 315 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. | back 315 nephron |
front 316 The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. | back 316 stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position |
front 317 The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. | back 317 contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla |
front 318 From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. | back 318 mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa |
front 319 Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? | back 319 enterogastric |
front 320 The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. | back 320 in the walls of the tract organs |
front 321 The solutes contained in saliva include ________. | back 321 electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA |
front 322 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. | back 322 is drained by an efferent arteriole |
front 323 Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. | back 323 Bile contains enzymes for digestion. |
front 324 Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron? | back 324 molecular complexity |
front 325 The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. | back 325 Bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
front 326 Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. | back 326 potassium |
front 327 The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? | back 327 plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli |
front 328 What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? | back 328 atrial natriuretic peptide |
front 329 Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? | back 329 a vasa recta |
front 330 The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. | back 330 hydrolysis |
front 331 The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. | back 331 mesenteries |
front 332 The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. | back 332 bicarbonate |
front 333 Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. | back 333 hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments |
front 334 Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? | back 334 B12 |
front 335 Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? | back 335 aldosterone |
front 336 Select the correct statement about the ureters. | back 336 The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. |
front 337 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. | back 337 increase in the production of ADH |
front 338 Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? | back 338 parietal cells |
front 339 Hepatocytes do not ________. | back 339 produce digestive enzymes |
front 340 Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? | back 340 diet |
front 341 The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. | back 341 collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage |
front 342 Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. | back 342 chief cells of the stomach |
front 343 The lamina propria is composed of ________. | back 343 loose connective tissue |