front 1 Hormones are | back 1 chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids |
front 2 The major process that hormones control and integrate include | back 2
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front 3 The scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organs is called | back 3 Endocrinology |
front 4 Endocrine Glands | back 4 produce hormones and lack ducts |
front 5 Endocrine glands include the | back 5
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front 6 Autocrines are | back 6 chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secret them |
front 7 Paracrines | back 7 affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals |
front 8 Nearly all hormones can be classified chemically as | back 8 either amino acid based or steroids |
front 9 A hormone influences | back 9 the activity of only those tissue cells that have receptors for it |
front 10 Target cells | back 10 are tissues with receptors for specific hormone |
front 11 A hormone typically produces one or more of the following changes | back 11
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front 12 Water-soluble hormones | back 12 act on receptors in the plasma membrane |
front 13 Lipid-soluble hormones | back 13 act on receptors inside the cell |
front 14 Amino acid-based hormones | back 14 exert their signaling effects through intracellular second messenger generated when a hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane |
front 15 The cyclic AMP (cthe sAMP) signaling mechanism involves interaction of three plasma membrane component | back 15
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front 16 Target cell activation depends equally on three other factors | back 16
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front 17 Up-regulation | back 17 are target cells that form more receptors in response to low hormone levels |
front 18 Down-regulation | back 18 are target cells that lose receptors in response to high hormone levels |
front 19 Three types of stimuli trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones. | back 19
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front 20 Humoral stimuli | back 20 secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients |
front 21 Neural stimuli | back 21 happens when nerve fibers stimulate hormone release |
front 22 Hormonal Stimuli | back 22 release their hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs |
front 23 Hormones circulate in the blood in two forms | back 23
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front 24 The concentration of a circulating hormone in blood at any time reflects | back 24
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front 25 Permissiveness | back 25 is the situation in which one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present |
front 26 Synergism | back 26 occurs when more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified |
front 27 Antagonism | back 27 occurs when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone |
front 28 Pituitary Gland | back 28 also called the hypophysis, secretes at least eight hormones |
front 29 Posterior pituitary | back 29 is composed largely of neural tissue. |
front 30 Posterior pituitary | back 30 is a hormone storage area and not a true endocrine gland that manufactures hormones |
front 31 Posterior pituitary | back 31 is commonly called neurohypophysis |
front 32 Anterior Pituitary | back 32 is commonly called adenohypophysis |
front 33 Anterior Pituitary | back 33 is composed of glandular tissue |
front 34 The neurons in the posterior pituitary synthesize one of two neurohormones in their cell bodies | back 34
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front 35 Oxytocin | back 35 is released in significantly higher amounts during childbirth and in nursing women |
front 36 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | back 36 prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload |
front 37 There are six anterior pituitary hormones, all of them proteins | back 37
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front 38 Tropic hormones | back 38 regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands |
front 39 Four of the six anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones | back 39
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front 40 Thyroid gland is | back 40 located in the anterior neck, on the trachea just inferior to the larynx |
front 41 Isthmus | back 41 is a median tissue mass that connects its two lateral lobes |
front 42 Often referred to as the body's major hormone | back 42 Thyroid hormone (TH) |
front 43 Thyroid hormone (TH) | back 43 is two iodine-containing amine hormones, thyroxine, or T4, and triiodothyronine, or T3 |
front 44 Effects of thyroid hormone include | back 44
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front 45 The thyroid gland is | back 45 composed of hollow, spherical follicles |
front 46 The walls of each follicle | back 46 produce the glycoprotein thyroglobulin |
front 47 The central cavity, or lumen, of the follicle | back 47 stores colloid |
front 48 Most released T4 and T3 immediately bind to | back 48 thyroxine - binding globulins (TBGs) |
front 49 Calcitonin | back 49 a polypeptide hormone released by the parafollicular, or C, cells of the thyroid gland in response to a rise in blood Ca2+ levels |
front 50 Parathyroid glands | back 50 are tiny, yellow-brown glands nearly hidden from view in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland |
front 51 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone, | back 51 is the single most important hormone controlling calcium balance in the blood |
front 52 Adrenal glands | back 52 are pyramid-shaped organs perched atop the kidneys, where they are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and a cushion of fat |
front 53 Adrenal glands | back 53 Suprarenal glands |
front 54 Adrenal medulla | back 54 is part of the sympathetic nervous system |
front 55 Adrenal cortex | back 55 is glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm |
front 56 Adrenal cortex has three layers of glandular tissue | back 56
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front 57 Zona Glomerulosa | back 57 produces mineralocorticoids, hormones that help control the balance of minerals and water in the blood |
front 58 Zona Fasciculata | back 58 mainly produce the metabolic hormones called glucocorticoids |
front 59 Zona Reticularis | back 59 mainly produce small amounts of adrenal sex hormones, or gonadocorticoids |
front 60 Somatotropic Cells | back 60 produce growth hormone (GH) |
front 61 Growth hormone | back 61 increases blood levels of fatty acids, encourages use of fatty acids for fuel, and protein synthesis |
front 62 Growth Hormone | back 62 medieates most of its growth- enhancing effects indirectly vie a family of growth-promoting proteins called insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) |
front 63 Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) | back 63 stimulates GH release |
front 64 Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) | back 64 inhibits GH release |
front 65 Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) | back 65 somatostatin |
front 66 Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | back 66 is a tropic hormone that stimulates normal development and secretory activty of the thyroid gland |
front 67 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | back 67 is secreted by the corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary |
front 68 Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | back 68 Thyrotropin |
front 69 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | back 69 Corticotropin |
front 70 Gonadotropins | back 70 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
front 71 Gonadotropins | back 71 regulate the function of the gonads (ovaries and testes) |
front 72 Prolactin (PRL) | back 72 is a protein hormone structurally similar to GH |
front 73 Prolactin (PRL) | back 73 stimulate milk production by the breasts |
front 74 Mineralocorticoids | back 74 essential function is to regulate the electrolyte (mineral salts) concentrations in extracellular fluids, particularly of Na+ and K+ |
front 75 Changes in Na+ concentration lead to | back 75 changes in blood volume and blood pressure |
front 76 Aldosterone | back 76 reduces excretion of Na+ from the body, thereby lowering blood volume and blood pressure |
front 77 The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism | back 77 influences both blood volume and blood pressure by regulating the release of aldosterone and therefore Na+ and water reabsorption by the kidneys |
front 78 Glucocorticoids | back 78 influence the energy metabolism of most body cells and help is resist stressors |
front 79 Glucocorticoids hormones include | back 79
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front 80 Excessive levels of glucocorticoids | back 80
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front 81 Gonadocorticoids (Adrenal Sex Hormones) | back 81 secreted by the adrenal cortex are weak, androgens, or male sex hormones. |
front 82 Adrenal Medullary Hormones | back 82 catecholoamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
front 83 Pineal Gland | back 83 hangs from the roof of the third ventricle in the diencephalon |
front 84 The pineal gland secreted cells called | back 84 pinealocytes |
front 85 The pineal gland's only major secretory product is | back 85 melatonin |
front 86 Melatonin | back 86 an amine hormone derived from serotonin |
front 87 The pancreas | back 87 is a mixed gland composed of both endocrine and exocrine gland cells |
front 88 Acinar cells | back 88 produce an enzyme-rich juice that is carried by ducts to the small intestine during digestion |
front 89 Pancreatic Islets | back 89 tiny cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones |
front 90 The islets contain two major populations of hormone-producing cells | back 90
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front 91 Glucagon | back 91 is a hyperglycemic hormones |
front 92 Insulin | back 92 is a hypoglycemic hormone |
front 93 Glucagon | back 93 is a 29-amino-acid polypeptide |
front 94 Glucagon promotes | back 94
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front 95 Insulin | back 95 is a small protein consisting of two amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds |
front 96 Proinsulin | back 96 is a large polypeptide chain that synthesizes insulin |
front 97 Insulin lowers blood glucose levels in 3 ways | back 97
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front 98 Insulin stimulates glycogen formation | back 98 Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown |
front 99 The female and male gonads | back 99 produce steriod sex hormones |
front 100 Ovaries are | back 100 located in the female's abdominopelvic cavity |
front 101 Ovaries produce | back 101 ova, or eggs, and estrogens ad progesterone |
front 102 Male testes | back 102 located in an extra-abdominal skin pouch called the scrotum |
front 103 Males testes | back 103 produce sperm and male sex hormones, primarily testosterone |
front 104 The placenta is a | back 104 temporary endocrine organ |
front 105 Placenta hormones include | back 105 estrogen and progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
front 106 Leptin is | back 106 released by Adipose cells, tells your body how much stored energy you have |
front 107 Resistin is an insulin antagonist while | back 107 Adiponectin enhances sensitivity to insulin |
front 108 Enteroendocrin cells are | back 108 hormone-secreting cells sprinkled in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract |
front 109 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) is | back 109 secreted by specialized cardiac (heart) muscle cells |
front 110 ANP | back 110 decreases the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid |
front 111 Erythropoietin is | back 111 a glycoprotein hormone that signals the bone marrow to increase production of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) |
front 112 Osteoblast (bone creating cells) in bone secrete osteocalcin | back 112 a hormone that prods pancreatic beta cells to divide and secrete more insulin |
front 113 The skin produces cholecalciferol | back 113 an inactive form of vitamin D3 |
front 114 Calcitriol | back 114 the active form of vitamin D3 |
front 115 Other hormone-producing cells occur in various organs include | back 115
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front 116 The thymus secretes several different families of peptide hormones including | back 116
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