front 1 What can immediate allergic reaction to a drug cause? | back 1 tissues appear swollen, discolored skin surface, possible skin eruptions |
front 2 What can result from liver failure? | back 2 edema (ascites); edema of lower extremities increase in ammonia in the tissues (neutralizes formaldehyde) purges caused by rupture of esophageal veins gastrointestinal bleeding; fluid loss; possible purge hair loss jaundice |
front 3 What can result from renal failure? | back 3 increase in ammonia in the tissues edema of tissues gastrointestinal bleeding pulmonary edema congestive heart failure discoloration of the skin (sallow color) uremic pruritus of the skin |
front 4 What can result from damage to blood vessels? | back 4 skin hemorrhage (ecchymosis aka bruise, purpural hemorrhage) |
front 5 What can result from damage to the walls? | back 5 breakdown of the skin; skin-slip often present |
front 6 What can cause difficult tissue firming? | back 6 protein degeneration ammonia buildup in the tissues which neutralizes formaldehyde presence of edema |
front 7 Gas Causing Distension: Subcutaneous emphysema | back 7 Cause: puncture of lung or pleural sac Treatment: gas will escape through incisions; establish good arterial preservation; channel tissues after arterial injection to release gases |
front 8 Gas Causing Distension: True Tissue Gas | back 8 Cause: Anaerobic bacteria Treatment: Use of special "tissue gas" arterial solutions; localized hypodermic injection of cavity fluid; channel tissues to release gases |
front 9 Gas Causing Distension: Gas Gangrene | back 9 Cause: Anaerobic bacteria Treatment: strong arterial solutions; local hypodermic injection of cavity chemical |
front 10 Gas Causing Distension: Decomposition | back 10 Cause: bacterial breakdown of body tissues; autolytic breakdown of body tissues Treatment: proper strong chemical in sufficient amounts by arterial injection; hypodermic and surface treatments; channel to release gases |
front 11 Gas Causing Distension: Air from embalming apparatus | back 11 Cause: air injected by embalming machine Treatment: channel after arterial injection to release gases |
front 12 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Lungs, Trachea, Bonchi | back 12 blood, edema, purulent material, gases |
front 13 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Stomach | back 13 hydrochloric acid, undigested food, blood, gases |
front 14 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Small Intestine | back 14 gases, undigested foods, partially digested foods, blood |
front 15 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Large Intestine | back 15 gases, fecal material, blood |
front 16 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Urinary bladder | back 16 urine, pustular material, blood` |
front 17 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Gallbladder | back 17 bile |
front 18 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Pelvis of the kidney | back 18 urine, pustular material, blood |
front 19 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Heart | back 19 blood |
front 20 Contents of Hollow Viscera that must be Treated: Inferior vena cava, portal veins | back 20 blood |
front 21 Types of Purge:Stomach | back 21 from: nose/mouth description: liquids, semisolids, dark brown "coffee ground" appearance, odor, acid pH |
front 22 Types of Purge: Lungs | back 22 from: nose/mouth description: frothy; any blood present is red in color, little odor |
front 23 Types of Purge: Brain | back 23 from: nose/ear/eyelids description: gases can move into tissues of the eye, fractures can cause blood to purge from the ears, creamy white semisolid brain matter may exit through a fracture or the nasal passage |
front 24 Nine Abdominal Regions | back 24 Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar Right Inguinal (Iliac), Hypogastric, Left Inguinal (Iliac) |
front 25 Preservative Demand of the Muscle Tissues During Rigor | back 25 Prerigor - great adsorption of preservative Rigor - little absorption of preservative after rigor - great preservative demand |
front 26 Side effect of body in rigor | back 26 degree of rigor varies in the different muscle groups (more muscle = harder rigor) tissue pH varies throughout the body there is a lack of uniform distribution of fluid tissues vary in preservative demand |
front 27 Antemortem blood discolorations: Intravascular | back 27 hypostasis (blue-black discoloration) result of carbon monoxide poisoning (cherry red coloring) capillary congestion (hypostatic, active, or passive) |
front 28 Antemortem blood discolorations: Extravascular | back 28 ecchymosis (large bruise caused by escape of blood into tissues) purpura (flat medium-sized hemorrhage beneath the skin surface) Petechia (small pinpoint skin hemorrhage) Hematoma (swollen blood filled area within the skin - blood blister) |
front 29 Postmortem blood discolorations: Intravascular | back 29 livor mortis |
front 30 Postmortem blood discolorations: Extravascular | back 30 postmortem stain tardieu spots |
front 31 Unnatural Conditions Related to Discolorations: Burns | back 31 first degree - redness of skin second degree - blistering and redness third degree - charred tissue |
front 32 Postmortem blood discolorations: CO Poisoning | back 32 bright red color to the blood low blood viscosity, intense livor rapid postmortem staining |
front 33 Postmortem blood discolorations: Drowning | back 33 low blood viscosity, intense livor head faced downward, livor and stain possible abrasions and bruising |
front 34 Postmortem blood discolorations: Electrocution | back 34 point of contact, burn marks can bepresent |
front 35 Postmortem blood discolorations: Gunshot Wounds | back 35 eyelids can show ecchymosis, swelling of eye area when injury is to face or head |
front 36 Postmortem blood discolorations: Hanging | back 36 intensive livor in facial tissues; some capillary rupture showing petechial discolorations; no blood present in facial tissues |
front 37 Postmortem blood discolorations: Mutilation | back 37 loss of blood - little livor mortis ecchymosis and bruising at affected areas |
front 38 Postmortem blood discolorations: Poisons | back 38 variable - from generalized conditions such as jaundice and cyanosis to localized discolorations such as caustic burns and petechiae |
front 39 Postmortem blood discolorations: Refridgeration | back 39 low blood viscosity, intense livor postmortem stain speeded dehydration of mucous membranes and skin surface after long exposure to cold air |
front 40 Problems Associated with Dehydration: darkened skin | back 40 corrected by cosmetic application; use fluid dyes to ensure fluid distribution to all body areas |
front 41 Problems Associated with Dehydration: "flaking" or peeling of skin, especially in facial areas | back 41 apply massage cream and then clean with a solvent to remove all loose skin; mortuary cream cosmetics further reduce skin drying |
front 42 Problems Associated with Dehydration: firm feel to the skin | back 42 skin feels embalmed; additional dye helps to trace the distribution of fluid |
front 43 Problems Associated with Dehydration: desiccated lips, eyelids, or fingertips | back 43 may need correction with restorative waxes; tissue building; opaque cosmetics needed to hide discolorations |
front 44 Problems Associated with Dehydration: thickened blood | back 44 may be diluted with a preinjection fluid; use right internal jugular as drainage point; inject from the carotids to push arterial coagula toward the lower extremities |
front 45 Problems Associated with Dehydration: dehydration created by the embalmer; wrinkled lips, fingertips; facial areas | back 45 use correct dilutions for arterial and humectant fluids; areas may be filled out with tissue builder after embalming |
front 46 Problems Associated with Dehydration: dehydration of large facial area from embalming and passe of air over body | back 46 use massage cream on exposed areas prior to cosmetic application; if skin is discolored, opaque cosmetics will be needed; cream cosmetics further reduce dehydration; fingertips and facial areas may also be treated with tissue builder to reduce dehydration |
front 47 Types of Edema: ascites | back 47 edema of the abdominal (or peritoneal) cavity treatment: aspiration and injection of undiluted cavity fluid; preembalming draining via trocar or drainage tube; reaspiration and reinjection |
front 48 Types of Edema: hydrothorax | back 48 edema of the pleural cavity treatment: aspiration; injection of cavity fluid; careful draining prior to arterial injection |
front 49 Types of Edema: hydrocephalus | back 49 edema of the cranial cavity treatment: drain in infant via ethmoid foramen; inject cavity fluid via ethmoid foramen |
front 50 Types of Edema: hydropericardium | back 50 edema of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart treatment: aspiration and injection of undiluted cavity fluid |
front 51 Types of Edema: hydrocele | back 51 edema in the tunica vaginalis testis of the male scrotum treatment: channel with trocar to drain into abdominal cavity; inject via trocar undiluted cavity fluid; surface coating with autopsy gel; use of plastic garments and embalming powder |
front 52 Types of Edema: anasarca | back 52 generalized edema treatment: strong arterial solutions; hypodermic and surface embalming; plastic garments; gravitation; puncture and drain |
front 53 Types of Edema: pitting | back 53 edema in tissue spaces, between cells treatment: may be gravitated; use strong arterial solutions; may be punctured and drained; use plastic garments to protect from leakage |
front 54 Types of Edema: of hands or legs | back 54 use sectional embalming |
front 55 Types of Edema: of face | back 55 use restricted cervical injection |
front 56 Preservatives | back 56 aldehydes |
front 57 Alcohols | back 57 -ol |
front 58 Coal Tar Derivatives | back 58 Phenol |
front 59 Phenol aka | back 59 Carbolic Acid |
front 60 Inorganic Salts | back 60 Natron |
front 61 Supplemental Germicides aka Disinfectants | back 61 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - Zephiran aka Benzalkonium Chloride aldehydes -ols |
front 62 Anticoagulates aka Water Conditioning Agents | back 62 sodium |
front 63 Dyes | back 63 Eosine, Ponceau Red, and Erythrosine |
front 64 Deodrants | back 64 Oils & Benzaldehyde |
front 65 Oil of Wintergreen aka | back 65 Methyl salicylate |
front 66 Vehicles | back 66 water & alcohol |
front 67 Surfactants | back 67 sulf- |
front 68 Humectans | back 68 Sorbitol, Glycerine, Glycol, & Lanolin (sheep fat) |
front 69 Buffers | back 69 always exist in pairs, one acid and one base |
front 70 Buffers | back 70 Sodium, Bo-, and Citrates |
front 71 Mold Preventative Agents | back 71 para- |
front 72 Hardening Compound | back 72 Plaster, Alum, Perlite (sawdust), clay, styrofoam |
front 73 aneurysm | back 73 bulge in a blood vessel |
front 74 what percentage of body weight does total body water constitute? | back 74 55 to 60% |
front 75 Under what conditions is edema said to be established? | back 75 when there is a 10% increase in total body water |
front 76 The term used to describe an agent having an affinity for metallic ions such as calcium and magnesium. | back 76 chelating agents |
front 77 2 main classes of chemotherapeutic agents? | back 77 cytotoxic & antimetabolite |
front 78 nephro | back 78 kidney |
front 79 term describing the physical wasting with loss of weight and muscle mass caused by disease | back 79 cachexia |
front 80 problem caused by use of corticosteroids | back 80 decrease in cell permeability - use pre-injection chemical |
front 81 body's main center of detoxification | back 81 liver |
front 82 term used to describe a blister filled with serous fluid which is usually caused by gas | back 82 bleb |
front 83 with regard to renal failure, how much more preservative chemical than normal is needed to achieve preservation? | back 83 6 |
front 84 ideal rate of flow | back 84 10-15 minutes per gallon |
front 85 general pressure setting | back 85 5-20 pounds |
front 86 invasive devices should be left in during embalming because | back 86 swelling and discoloration of area can occur |
front 87 anastomosis | back 87 connection of normally separated parts or spaces so they intercommunicate |
front 88 In an autopsied case, what are the ideal vessels to use for injection of the lower extremities? | back 88 iliac |
front 89 In an autopsied case, what are the ideal vessels to use for injection of the upper extremities? | back 89 subclavian |
front 90 inject which side of head first | back 90 left |
front 91 Regarding delayed embalming, what main factor brings about the body's increased fluid need? | back 91 breakdown of tissues |
front 92 In cases of delayed embalming or decomposition, what is the recommended arterial fluid index? | back 92 25 or higher |
front 93 What is one occasion when cavity treatment is not employed? | back 93 donation to medical school |
front 94 What is bile? | back 94 A bitter, alkaline, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow fluid that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum and aids in the emulsification, digestion, and absorption of fats. |
front 95 Order of digestion | back 95 stomach, pylorus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum,cecum, ascending colon, traverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum |
front 96 What is the function of the kidney? | back 96 extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, form urine, and aid in other important functions of the body |
front 97 C x V = C’ x V’ equation | back 97 no data |
front 98 Examples of sublimation | back 98 no data |
front 99 Hepatic vein continues as… | back 99 no data |
front 100 Vessels of Scarpa’s Triangle | back 100 no data |
front 101 Purpose of adding EDTA | back 101 no data |
front 102 OSHA Action Level | back 102 no data |
front 103 Time frame for hemolysis | back 103 no data |
front 104 Def of antisepsis | back 104 no data |
front 105 Type of gangrene with ischemic necrosis | back 105 no data |
front 106 What is ischemia? | back 106 no data |
front 107 OSHA PEL | back 107 no data |
front 108 Formation of aldehyde | back 108 no data |
front 109 Largest number of bones in vertebral column are classified as | back 109 no data |
front 110 Antipolymerization agent for formaldehyde | back 110 no data |
front 111 Bifurcation of the antihelix | back 111 crus |
front 112 Polymerization of formaldehyde is inhibited by the addition of: | back 112 Methyl alcohol |
front 113 Polymerization of formaldehyde is inhibited by the addition of: | back 113 H-CHO |
front 114 buffers | back 114 Embalming chemicals that work to help stabilize acid-base balance within embalming solutions and in tissues. |
front 115 gas gangrene | back 115 Necrosis in a wound; anaerobic, from Clostridium Perfringens. |
front 116 Forms base of femoral triangle(anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle). | back 116 inguinal ligament |
front 117 TWA | back 117 .75ppm/8 hours |
front 118 Hemolysis | back 118 Causes postmortem stain during the embalming process. |
front 119 Carbohydrates | back 119 First body compounds to decompose. |
front 120 Clauderus | back 120 Embalming without evisceration. |
front 121 Syncope | back 121 death beginning at the heart |
front 122 Malpighi | back 122 father of histology |
front 123 Ruysch | back 123 father of embalming |
front 124 Hunter | back 124 Adductor's or Hunter's Canal |
front 125 holmes | back 125 Father of US Embalming |
front 126 harvey | back 126 Credited with discovery of circulation. |
front 127 amino acids | back 127 First products of decomposition. |
front 128 gannal | back 128 Made embalming available to the public. |
front 129 Hemolysis | back 129 Swelling and bursting of red blood cells. |
front 130 normal blood pH range | back 130 7.3-7.4 |
front 131 acid pH range | back 131 1.3-6.1 |
front 132 base pH range | back 132 7.6-13.3 |
front 133 neutral pH range | back 133 7.0 |
front 134 putrefaction | back 134 the decomposition of anaerobic bacteria is |
front 135 decay | back 135 the decomposition of aerobic bacteria is |
front 136 postmortem caloricity | back 136 the temporary rise in body temp after death is called |
front 137 rigor mortis is detrimental to the embalming process because it | back 137 retards fluid distribution |
front 138 lining of the trachea and larynx | back 138 in the usual case the first organ to decompose is the |
front 139 the anaerobic decomposition of proteins results in | back 139 putrefaction |
front 140 The primary flaccidity stages of rigor mortis the pH of the muscular tissue is | back 140 alkaline pH |