front 1 Reproductive System | back 1 Responsible for carrying on the human race, appears to “slumber” until puberty. |
front 2 Gonads | back 2 the primary sex organs, the testes in males and the ovaries in females. |
front 3 Gametes | back 3 sex cells produced by the gonads |
front 4 Sex Hormones | back 4 hormones secreted by the gonads |
front 5 Accessory Reproductive Organs | back 5 All reproductive structures other than the gonads—ducts, glands, and external genitalia |
front 6 Testes | back 6 sperm producing, male gonads |
front 7 scrotum | back 7 a sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis. It is covered with sparse hairs, and contains paired oval testes. A midline septum divides the scrotum, providing a compartment for each testis. Contain the entire ability to father offspring. Viable sperm cannot be produced in abundance at core body temperature (37°C), the superficial location of the scrotum, which provides a temperature about 3°C lower, is an essential adaptation. |
front 8 Dartos Muscle | back 8 layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia, wrinkles the scrotal skin. |
front 9 Cremaster Muscles | back 9 bands of skeletal muscle that arise from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk, elevate the testes |
front 10 Tunica Vaginalis | back 10 The outer double layer covering of the testis, derived from an outpocketing of the peritoneum |
front 11 Tunica Albuginea | back 11 the fibrous capsule of the testis. |
front 12 Seminiferous Tubules | back 12 tightly coiled sperm-carrying |
front 13 Myoid Cells | back 13 “sperm factories.” Surrounding each seminiferous tubule are three to five layers of smooth muscle |
front 14 straight tubule, or tubulus rectus | back 14 convergence of the seminiferous tubules of each lobule |
front 15 Rete Testis | back 15 a tubular network on the posterior side of the testis. |
front 16 Interstitial Cells | back 16 also called Leydig cells, produce androgens (most importantly testosterone), which they secrete into the surrounding interstitial fluid. |
front 17 Testicular Arteries | back 17 which branch from the abdominal aorta superior to the pelvis, supply the testes. |
front 18 Pampiniform Venous Plexus | back 18 network in which the testicular veins arise |
front 19 Spermatic Cord | back 19 enclosure of nerve fibers, blood vessels and lymphatic system that passes through the inguinal canal |
front 20 Penis | back 20 (“tail”) is a copulatory organ, designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract |
front 21 External Genitalia | back 21 The penis and scrotum, which hang suspended from the perineum, make up the external reproductive structures |
front 22 Male Perineum | back 22 ( “around the anus”) is the diamond-shaped region located between the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally |
front 23 Glans Penis | back 23 consists of an attached root and a free shaft or body that ends in an enlarged tip |
front 24 Prepuce | back 24 foreskin, The skin covering the penis is loose, and it slides distally to form a cuff |
front 25 Corpus Spongiosum | back 25 The midventral erectile body(“spongy body”) surrounds the urethra. It expands distally to form the glans and proximally to form the part of the root called the bulb of the penis |
front 26 Corpora Cavernosa | back 26 The paired dorsal erectile bodies(“cavernous bodies”), make up most of the penis and are bound by the fibrous tunica albuginea. |
front 27 Crura of the Penis | back 27 proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa |
front 28 Epididymis | back 28 It is a single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube (in adult humans, six to seven meters in length) connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. |
front 29 Ductus Deferens | back 29 ( “carrying away”), or vas deferens, is about 45 cm (18 inches) long. It runs upward as part of the spermatic cord from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity |
front 30 Ampulla | back 30 The expanded terminus of the ductus deferens |
front 31 Ejaculatory Duct | back 31 enters the prostate, and there it empties into the urethra. |
front 32 Vasectomy | back 32 (“cutting the vas”). In this relatively minor operation, the physician makes a small incision into the scrotum and then cuts through and ligates (ties off) each ductus deferens. Sperm are still produced, but they can no longer reach the body exterior |
front 33 Urethra | back 33 the terminal portion of the male duct system. It conveys both urine and semen (at different times), so it serves both the urinary and reproductive systems. |
front 34 Prostatic Urethra | back 34 the portion surrounded by the prostate |
front 35 Membranous urethra | back 35 in the urogenital diaphragm |
front 36 Spongy (penile) urethra | back 36 which runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice |
front 37 Accessory Glands | back 37 include the paired seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands and the single prostate. Together these glands produce the bulk of semen (sperm plus accessory gland secretions). |
front 38 prostate | back 38 is a single doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a peach pit. It encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder. Enclosed by a thick connective tissue capsule, it is made up of 20 to 30 compound tubuloalveolar glands embedded in a mass (stroma) of smooth muscle and dense connective tissue. |
front 39 Bulbourethral Glands | back 39 are pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate (Figures 27.1 and 27.4). They produce a thick, clear mucus, some of which drains into the spongy urethra and lubricates the glans penis when a man becomes sexually excited. |
front 40 Semen | back 40 is a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions. The liquid provides a transport medium and nutrients and contains chemicals that protect and activate the sperm and facilitate their movement. |
front 41 Erection | back 41 enlargement and stiffening of the penis, results from engorgement of the erectile bodies with blood |
front 42 Ejaculation | back 42 (ejac = to shoot forth) is the propulsion of semen from the male duct system. Although erection is under parasympathetic control, ejaculation is under sympathetic control. |
front 43 Orgasm | back 43 The entire ejaculatory event |
front 44 Resolution | back 44 following orgasm a period of muscular and psychological relaxation |
front 45 Erectile dysfunction (ED) | back 45 the inability to attain an erection |
front 46 Spermatogenesis | back 46 (“sperm formation”) is the sequence of events in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produces male gametes |
front 47 Diploid Chromosomal Number | back 47 The normal chromosome number in most body cells |
front 48 Haploid Chromosomal Number | back 48 The number of chromosomes in human gametes is 23 |
front 49 Meiosis | back 49 (“a lessening”), a unique kind of nuclear division that, for the most part, occurs only in the gonads |
front 50 Meiosis I | back 50 sometimes called the reduction division of meiosis because it reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n. |
front 51 Synapsis | back 51 the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis |
front 52 Crossovers | back 52 also called chiasmata (singular: chiasma), are formed within each tetrad as the free ends of one maternal and one paternal chromatid wrap around each other at one or more points. |
front 53 Tetrads | back 53 little groups of four chromatids |
front 54 Meiosis II | back 54 The second meiotic division, meiosis II, mirrors mitosis in every way, except that the chromosomes are not replicated before it begins. Instead, the sister chromatids in the two daughter cells of meiosis I are simply parceled out among four cells. |
front 55 Spermatogenic Cells | back 55 (spermatogenic = sperm forming), give rise to sperm in the following series of divisions and cellular transformations |
front 56 Type A Daughter Cell | back 56 remains at the basal lamina to maintain the germ cell line. |
front 57 Type B cell | back 57 gets pushed toward the lumen, where it becomes a primary spermatocyte destined to produce four sperm. |
front 58 Secondary Spermatocytes | back 58 two smaller haploid cells, Each primary spermatocyte generated during the first phase undergoes meiosis I, forming two smaller haploid cells |
front 59 Spermatozoon | back 59 (“animal seed”), has a head, a midpiece, and a tail, which correspond roughly to genetic, metabolic, and locomotor regions |
front 60 Acrosome | back 60 (“tip piece”) Sperm tip, The lysosome-like acrosome is produced by the Golgi apparatus and contains hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate and enter an egg. |
front 61 Sperm Midpiece | back 61 contains mitochondria spiraled tightly around the microtubules of the tail. |
front 62 Sertoli cells | back 62 which extend from the basal lamina to the lumen of the tubule. |
front 63 Basal Compartment | back 63 extends from the basal lamina to their tight junctions and it contains spermatogonia and the earliest primary spermatocytes |
front 64 Adluminal Compartment | back 64 lies internal to the tight junctions and includes the meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen |
front 65 Blood Testis Barrier | back 65 This barrier prevents the membrane antigens of differentiating sperm from escaping through the basal lamina into the bloodstream where they would activate the immune system. |
front 66 Testicular Fluid | back 66 (rich in androgens and metabolic acids) that provides the transport medium for sperm in the lumen, and phagocytize faulty germ cells and the excess cytoplasm sloughed off as the spermatids transform into sperm |
front 67 gonadotropin | back 67 releasing hormone (GnRH) - which reaches the anterior pituitary cells via the blood of the hypophyseal portal system. GnRH controls the release of the two anterior pituitary gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), both named for their effects on the female gonad. |
front 68 Androgen | back 68 Binding protein (ABP) - keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells high, which in turn stimulates spermatogenesis. |
front 69 Inhibin | back 69 a protein hormone produced by the sustentacular cells, serves as a “barometer” of the normalcy of spermatogenesis |
front 70 Male secondary sex characteristics | back 70 features induced in the nonreproductive organs by the male sex hormones (mainly testosterone)—make their appearance at puberty. These include the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, enhanced hair growth on the chest or other body areas in some men, and a deepening of the voice as the larynx enlarges. The skin thickens and becomes oilier (which predisposes young men to acne), bones grow and increase in density, and skeletal muscles increase in size and mass. |
front 71 Ovaries | back 71 the female gonads, are the primary reproductive organs of a female, and like the male testes, ovaries serve a dual purpose: They produce the female gametes (ova) and sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone |
front 72 Female Internal Genitalia | back 72 the ovaries and duct system (uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina) |
front 73 Ovaries | back 73 The paired ovaries flank the uterus on each side. Shaped like an almond and about twice as large, each ovary is held in place by several ligaments in the fork of the iliac blood vessels within the peritoneal cavity |
front 74 Ovarian Ligament | back 74 anchors the ovary medially to the uterus |
front 75 Suspensory Ligament | back 75 anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall |
front 76 mesovarium | back 76 suspends it in between suspensory ligament and ovarian ligament |
front 77 ovarian arteries | back 77 serves the arteries |
front 78 Tunica Albuginea | back 78 fibrous covering of ovaries |
front 79 Ovarian Follicles | back 79 tiny saclike structures embedded in the highly vascular connective tissue of the ovary cortex |
front 80 Oocyte | back 80 immature egg, encased by one or more layers of very different cells. |
front 81 Follicle Cells | back 81 if a single layer is present |
front 82 Granulosa Cells | back 82 when more than one layer is present. |
front 83 Primordial Follicle | back 83 one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounds the oocyte. |
front 84 Primary Follicle | back 84 has a single layer of cuboidal or columnartype follicle cells enclosing the oocyte. |
front 85 Secondary Follicle | back 85 formed when two or more layers of granulosa cells surround the oocyte. |
front 86 Late Secondary Follicle | back 86 results when small fluid-filled spaces appear between the granulosa cells. |
front 87 Vesicular Follicle | back 87 also called a Graafian or tertiary follicle, forms when the fluid-filled pockets coalesce to form a central fluid-filled cavity called an antrum. |
front 88 Corpus Luteum | back 88 After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into a very different looking glandular structure called the corpus luteum |
front 89 Fallopian Tubes | back 89 form the initial part of the female duct system They receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization generally occurs. Each uterine tube is about 10 cm (4 inches) long and extends medially from the region of an ovary to empty into the superolateral region of the uterus via a constricted region called the isthmus |
front 90 Ampulla | back 90 The distal end of each uterine tube expands as it curves around the ovary |
front 91 infundibulum | back 91 an open, funnel-shaped structure bearing ciliated, fingerlike projections called fimbriae (“fringe”) that drape over the ovary. |
front 92 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | back 92 extreme severe inflammation of the peritoneal cavity |
front 93 uterus | back 93 (Latin for “womb”) is located in the pelvis, anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder It is a hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum |
front 94 cervix | back 94 of the uterus is its narrow neck, or outlet, which projects into the vagina inferiorly. |
front 95 Cervical Canal | back 95 The cavity of the cervix |
front 96 Papanicolaou (Pap) smear | back 96 or cervical smear test, some of these cells are scraped away and then examined for abnormalities. |
front 97 Mesometrium | back 97 (“mesentery of the uterus”) portion of the broad ligament |
front 98 Lateral Cervical (cardinal) Ligaments | back 98 extend from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis |
front 99 Uterosacral Ligaments | back 99 secure the uterus to the sacrum posteriorly. |
front 100 Round Ligaments | back 100 fibrous ligament that binds the uterus to the anterior body wall |
front 101 Prolapsed Uterus | back 101 Uterus sinks inferiorly, until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal opening |
front 102 Peritoneum | back 102 the incomplete outermost serous layer of the uterine wall |
front 103 Myometrium | back 103 (“muscle of the uterus”) is the bulky middle layer of the uterine wall, composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle |
front 104 Endometrium | back 104 the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity |
front 105 Stratum Functionalis | back 105 functional layer layer of the endometrium, undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation |
front 106 Stratum Basalis | back 106 or basal layer, forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends. |
front 107 Uterine Arteries | back 107 arise from the internal iliacs in the pelvis, ascend along the sides of the uterus, and send branches into the uterine wall |
front 108 Arcuate Arteries | back 108 branches of the uterine arteries within the myometrium |
front 109 Radial Branches | back 109 shoots of the arcuate arteries into the endometrium |
front 110 Spiral (coiled) Arteries | back 110 to the stratum functionalis. The spiral arteries repeatedly degenerate and regenerate, and it is their spasms that actually cause the functionalis layer to be shed during menstruation. |
front 111 Vagina | back 111 (“sheath”) is a thin-walled tube, 8–10 cm (3–4 inches) long. It lies between the bladder and the rectum and extends from the cervix to the body exterior |
front 112 Hymen | back 112 incomplete partition of the mucosa near the distal vaginal orifice |
front 113 Vaginal Fornix | back 113 a vaginal recess produced by the upper end of the vaginal canal loosely surrounds the cervix of the uterus |
front 114 vulva | back 114 The female reproductive structures that lie external to the vagina are called the external genitalia, these structures include the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and structures associated with the vestibule. |
front 115 Mons Pubis | back 115 (“mountain on the pubis”) is a fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis. |
front 116 Labia Majora | back 116 External fatty skin fold, running posteriorly from the mons pubis |
front 117 Labia Minora | back 117 (“smaller”) enclosed by the Labia Majora two thin, hair-free skin folds, homologous to the ventral penis. |
front 118 Vestibule | back 118 (“entrance hall”), which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. |
front 119 Greater Vestibular Glands | back 119 homologous to the bulbourethral glands of males. These glands release mucus into the vestibule and help to keep it moist and lubricated, facilitating intercourse. |
front 120 Fourchette | back 120 Ridge where labia minora come together at the extreme posterior end of the vestibule |
front 121 Clitoris | back 121 (“hill”),a small, protruding structure composed largely of erectile tissue, which is homologous to the penis of the male |
front 122 Glans Clitoris | back 122 exposed portion of the clitoris |
front 123 Prepuce of the Clitoris | back 123 skin fold covering of the clitoris |
front 124 Bulbs of the Vestibule | back 124 which lie along each side of the vaginal orifice and deep to the bulbospongiosus muscles, are the homologues of the single penile bulb and corpus spongiosum of the male. During sexual stimulation the bulbs of the vestibule engorge with blood. This may help grip the penis within the vagina and also squeezes the urethral orifice shut |
front 125 Female Perineum | back 125 a diamond-shaped region located between the pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally |
front 126 Mammary Glands | back 126 are present in both sexes, but they normally function only in females.The biological role of the mammary glands is to produce milk to nourish a newborn baby, so they are important only when reproduction has already been accomplished |
front 127 Suspensory Ligaments | back 127 that attach the breast to the underlying muscle fascia and to the overlying dermis |
front 128 Glandular Alveoli | back 128 produce milk when a woman is lactating. |
front 129 Lactiferous Ducts | back 129 open to the outside at the nipple. |
front 130 Lactiferous Sinus | back 130 milk accumulates during nursing. |
front 131 Mammography | back 131 X-ray examination that detects breast cancers too small to feel |
front 132 Radical Mastectomy | back 132 (“breast cutting”), removal of the entire affected breast, plus all underlying muscles, fascia, and associated lymph nodes. |
front 133 Lumpectomy | back 133 less extensive surgery in which only the cancerous part (lump) is excised |
front 134 Simple Mastectomy | back 134 removal of the breast tissue only (and perhaps some of the axillary lymph nodes). |
front 135 Oogonia | back 135 the diploid stem cells of the ovaries |
front 136 Primary Oocytes | back 136 no data |
front 137 First Polar body | back 137 no data |
front 138 Primary Oocytes | back 138 no data |
front 139 Ovum | back 139 no data |
front 140 Follicular Phase | back 140 the period of follicle growth, typically indicated as lasting from the first to the fourteenth day of the cycle. |
front 141 Luteal Phase | back 141 the period of corpus luteum activity, days 14–28 |
front 142 Theca Folliculi | back 142 a layer of connective tissue condenses around the follicle |
front 143 Zona Pellucida | back 143 the oocyte secretes a glycoprotein-rich substance that forms a thick transparent extracellular layer or membrane |
front 144 Antrum (“cave”) | back 144 the fluid between the granulosa cells coalesces to form a large fluid-filled cavity |
front 145 Corona Radiata | back 145 surrounding capsule of granulosa cells |
front 146 Ovulation | back 146 occurs when the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte, still surrounded by its corona radiata, into the peritoneal cavity |
front 147 Menarche | back 147 first menstral cycle |
front 148 Menstrual Cycle | back 148 a series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to the waxing and waning of ovarian hormones in the blood. |
front 149 Menstruation | back 149 or menses, the uterus sheds all but the deepest part of its endometrium |
front 150 Female Sexual Response | back 150 similar to that of males in most respects. During sexual excitement, the clitoris, vaginal mucosa, bulbs of the vestibule, and breasts engorge with blood; the nipples erect; and increased activity of the vestibular glands and “sweating” of the vaginal walls lubricates the vestibule and facilitates entry of the penis. |
front 151 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) | back 151 also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VDs), are infectious diseases spread through sexual contact. |
front 152 gonorrhea | back 152 is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which invades the mucosae of the reproductive and urinary tracts. These bacteria are spread by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces. Commonly called “the clap,” gonorrhea occurs most frequently in adolescents and young adults. |
front 153 Syphilis | back 153 caused by Treponema pallidum, a corkscrewshaped bacterium, is usually transmitted sexually, but it can be contracted congenitally from an infected mother. Fetuses infected with syphilis are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth. The bacterium easily penetrates intact mucosae and abraded skin.Within a few hours of exposure, an asymptomatic bodywide infection is in progress. After an incubation period of two to three weeks, a red, painless primary lesion called a chancre appears at the site of bacterial invasion. |
front 154 Chlamydia | back 154 a bacterium with a viruslike dependence on host cells. Its incubation period within the body cells is about one week. Symptoms include urethritis (involving painful, frequent urination and a thick penile discharge); vaginal discharge; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; and irregular menses. |
front 155 Trichomoniasis | back 155 the most common curable STI in sexually active young women in the United States. Accounting for about 7.4 million new cases of STI per year, this parasitic infection is easily and inexpensively treated once diagnosed. Trichomoniasis is indicated by a yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor. However, many of its victims exhibit no symptoms. |
front 156 Genital warts | back 156 due to the human papillomavirus (HPV)—actually a group of about 60 viruses—is the second most common STI in the United States. About 6.2 million new cases of genital warts develop in Americans each year, and it appears that HPV infection increases the risk for cancers in infected body regions. Indeed, the virus is linked to 80% of all cases of invasive cervical cancer. Importantly, most of the strains that cause genital warts do not cause cervical cancer. |
front 157 Genital Herpes | back 157 the human herpes virus type 2, and these viruses are among the most difficult human pathogens to control. They remain silent for weeks or years and then suddenly flare up, causing a burst of blisterlike lesions. |
front 158 Nondisjunction | back 158 abnormal combinations of sex chromosomes occur in the zygote and cause striking abnormalities in sexual and reproductive system development. |
front 159 Gonadal Ridges | back 159 The gonads of both males and females begin their development during week 5 of gestation as masses of mesoderm |
front 160 Müllerian, ducts | back 160 (future female ducts) develop lateral to the mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts (future male ducts), and both sets of ducts empty into a common chamber called the cloaca. |
front 161 sexually indifferent stage | back 161 gonadal ridge tissue can develop into either male or female gonads and both duct systems are present. |
front 162 Genital tubercle | back 162 all embryos exhibit a small projection |
front 163 urethral groove | back 163 the external opening of the urogenital sinus, is on the tubercle’s inferior surface. |
front 164 Gubernaculum | back 164 strong fibrous cord that guides the testies |
front 165 Puberty | back 165 the period of life when the reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional. |
front 166 Menopause | back 166 considered to have occurred when a whole year has passed without menstruation. |