front 1 What are the two major functions of the testes? | back 1 The two major functions of the testes is to sperm and testosterone |
front 2 Which of the tubular structures are the sperm “factories”? | back 2 The sperm factories are the seminiferous tubules |
front 3 Muscle activity and the pampiniform venous plexus help to keep testicular temperature at homeostatic levels. How do they do that? | back 3 When the outside temperature is cold, the associate muscles contract, bringing the testes closer to the warm body. When body temperatures are high, the associated muscles relax, allowing the testes to hang away from the body. |
front 4 What is the function of the erectile tissue of the penis? | back 4 The erectile tissue of the penis allows the penis to become stiff so it can more effiently enter the vagina to dliver sperm. |
front 5 Name the organs of the male duct system in order, from the to the body exterior. | back 5 The male duct system in order, from the to the body exterior are the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, intermediate part of the urethra, and the spongy part of the urethra. |
front 6 What are two functions of the stereocilia on the epididymal epithelium? | back 6 The two functions of the stereocilia are to pass nutrients to the sperm and absorb excess testicular fluid. |
front 7 Which accessory organ of the male duct system runs from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity? | back 7 The ductus deferens runs from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity. |
front 8 Adolph, a 68-year-old gentleman, has trouble urinating and is scheduled for a rectal exam. What is his most probable condition and what is the purpose of the rectal exam? | back 8 Adolph probally has hypertrophied prostate, a condition that can be felt from the anterior wall of the rectum. |
front 9 Which glandular accessory organ produces the largest proportion of semen? | back 9 The seminal glands produces the largest proportion of semen. |
front 10 What is semen? | back 10 Semen is sperm plus the secretion of the male accessory organ |
front 11 What is erection and what division of the ANS regulates it? | back 11 An erection is the stiffening of the penis that occurs when blood in the cavernous tissue is prevented from leaving the penis. It is regulated by parasympathetic division of the ANS |
front 12 What occurs during resolution and what is the result? | back 12 Resolution is a period of muscular and psychological relaxation that follows orgasm. It results as the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of the internal prudendal arteries, reducing blood flow to the penis, and activating small muscles that force blood out of the penis. |
front 13 How is the final product of meiosis different from that of mitosis? | back 13 Meiosis reduces the chromosomal count from 2n to n and introduces variability |
front 14 Describe the major structural and functional regions of a sperm. | back 14 The sperm head is the compacted DNA-containing nucleus.
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front 15 What is the role of sustentacular cells? Of interstitial cells? | back 15 Sustentocytes provides nutrients and essential development signals to the developing sperm and form the blood testis barrier that prevents sperm antigens from escaping into the blood. Interstitial endocrine cells secrete testosterone. |
front 16 What is the HPG axis? | back 16 The HPG axis is the hormonal interrelationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads that regulates the production of gametes and sex hormones |
front 17 How does FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis? | back 17 Follicle-stimulating hormone indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by prompting sustentocytes to secrete androgen-binding protein. Androgen-binding protein keeps the concentration of testosterone high in the vicinity of spermatogenic cells, which indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis. |
front 18 What are three secondary sex characteristics promoted by testosterone? | back 18 Secondary sex characteristics promoted by testosterone are appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, deepening of the voice, increased oiliness of the skin, and increased size of bones and skeletal muscles. |
front 19 Briefly, what are the internal genitalia of a woman? | back 19 The internal genitalia of a woman include ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina |
front 20 What two roles do the ovaries assume? | back 20 The two roles of the ovaries are producing female gametes and secrete female sex hormones. |
front 21 How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follicle? From a vesicular follicle? | back 21 The antrum is the fluid filled cavity of a mature follicle. |
front 22 Why are women more at risk for PID than men? | back 22 Women are at more risk for PID because their duct system is incomplete – there is no physical connection between the ovary and the fallopian tubes. |
front 23 Oocytes are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity and yet women do get pregnant. What action of the uterine tubes helps to direct the oocytes into the woman’s duct system? | back 23 The waving action of the fimbriae and currents created by the beating cilia help to direct the ovulated oocytes into the fallopian tubes. |
front 24 What portion of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization? Which is the “incubator” for fetal development? | back 24 The fallopian tubes are the usual site of fertilization in the female duct system. The uterus is the incubator for fetal development. |
front 25 What is the female homologue of the bulbourethral glands of males? | back 25 The greater vestibular glands are the female homologue of the male bulbo-urethral glands |
front 26 Cite similarities and differences between the penis and clitoris. | back 26 Both the penis and clitoris are hooded by a skin fold and are largely a erectile tissue, however the clitoris lacks a corpus spongiosum containing a urethra, so the urinary and reproductive systems are completely separate in women |
front 27 Developmentally, mammary glands are modifications of certain skin glands. Which type? | back 27 Developmentally, mammary glands are modified sweat glands |
front 28 From what cell types does breast cancer usually arise? | back 28 breast cancer usually arises from the epithelial cells of the small ducts |
front 29 How do the haploid cells arising from oogenesis differ structurally and functionally from those arising from spermato genesis? | back 29 The products of meiosis in females are three polar bodies (tiny haploids cells with no cytoplasm) and one haploid ovum. Meiosis in males produces four functional gametes, the haploid sperm. |
front 30 How do identical twins differ developmentally from fraternal twins? | back 30 Identical twins develop from separation of a very young embryo (the result of fertilization of a single sperm and egg). Fraternal twins develop from separate oocytes and separate sperm. |
front 31 What occurs in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? | back 31 In the luteal phase, the ovulated follicle develops into a corpus luteum, which then secretes progesterone and some estrogen. |
front 32 What hormone plays an important role in “letting the brain know” that puberty may occur in girls? | back 32 Leptin plays an important role in “letting the brain know” that a girls is ready for puberty |
front 33 What hormone(s) prompt follicle growth? What hormone prompts ovulation? | back 33 FSH prompt follicle growth and LH prompts ovulation. |
front 34 What gonadal hormone exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary that results in a burstlike release of LH? | back 34 Estrogen exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary that results in a burstlike release of LH |
front 35 Which gonadal hormone causes the secondary sex characteristics to appear in a young woman? | back 35 Estrogen is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics to appear in young women |
front 36 What gonadal hormone promotes epiphyseal closure in both males and females? | back 36 Estrogen promotes epiphyseal closure in both males and females. |
front 37 Which pathogen is most associated with cervical cancer? | back 37 The human papillomavirus (HPV) is most associated with cervical cancer |
front 38 What is the most common bacterial STI in the United States? | back 38 Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI in the United States |
front 39 If the fertilized egg contains X and Y sex chromosomes, a baby girl will develop, right? | back 39 False if the fertilized egg contains X and Y sex chromosomes, a baby boy will develop. |
front 40 What is the sexually indifferent stage of development? | back 40 The early period when the presumptive reproductive structures can produce either male or female organs is the sexually indifferent stage of development |
front 41 What structure guides the descent of the testis into the scrotum? | back 41 The glubernaculum guides the descent of the testis into the scrotum |
front 42 What are the early signs of puberty’s onset in boys? | back 42 Enlargement of the testes and scrotum are the early signs of puberty’s onset in boys |
front 43 What is the definition of menopause? | back 43 Menopause has occurred when there has been no menstruation for one year. |